Injected vs Nasal vaccines: Which mode of COVID vaccine will be better in the long run?

Injected vs Nasal vaccines: Which mode of COVID vaccine will be better in the long run?

The second phase of COVID-19 vaccine roll out has begun in India, which not only includes the young and the healthy but also allows senior citizens above the age of 60 and select people over 45 years of age to get the vaccine jab. While the current mode of COVID vaccines is limited to injected vaccines, prospects of nasal vaccines are also being discussed in and around the world.

Injected vs nasal vaccines

Injected or traditional vaccines are injected into the skin with the help of injections (needles). Unlike traditional vaccines, nasal vaccines target the virus present in the mucosal membranes and are given via nose, rather than orally or through the arm.

How do nasal vaccines work?

Usually nasal vaccines are sprayed into the nostrils. It can be done with the help of a syringe with no needle, a nasal spray, liquid medicine or special aerosol delivery.

While the virus commonly enters your body through your nose, the vaccine then intercepts the virus and causes your immune system to make proteins in your blood and in your nose to combat the virus. This also prevents the virus from growing.

How are nasal vaccines different from the injected vaccines?

Considering most viruses, including the ones associated with SARs-COV-2, enter the body through the mucosa and infect the cells and molecules present in the mucosal membranes, nasal vaccines are seen as an effective solution for the same.

On the contrary, intramuscular vaccines or injected vaccines fail to trigger such immune response from the mucosa and depend on immune cells from other parts of the body.

Apart from that, nasal vaccines are easier to administer and may provide easy immunity. An effective nasal jab can not only protect against COVID-19, but also directly interacts with T-cells that exist in the nose and the throat and targets the immune cells present in the mucosal membrane.

As per Bharat Biotech, their intranasal vaccine candidate, which is soon to enter Phase I clinical trials, has proven effective and is said to provide high levels of protections in mice studies.

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Benefits of nasal vaccines as compared to injected vaccines

Besides providing better immunity prospects, nasal vaccines can be self-administered and have fewer chances of side effects, as per experts.

It is cost effective and requires lesser resources as compared to the number of syringes and transportation cost needed for injected vaccines.

Additionally, there is a lesser chance of our body rejecting the effectiveness of the vaccine, as it can be immediately absorbed by the blood vessels.

Bharat Biotech to begin clinical trials of COVID-19 nasal vaccine

On January 8, Bharat Biotech sought permission from the Drugs Controller General of India (DGCI) to conduct Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials of the intranasal vaccine. As on Tuesday, the firm received the approval for phase 1 trials and are set to begin the clinical trials by next week. The trials will be conducted in Patna, Chennai, Hyderabad, and Nagpur. According to the Central Trail Registry of India (CTRI) on 175 participants.

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How to Make Natural Nasal Decongestant

It doesn't matter what season it is, having a cold is weary business. When you’re sick with a cold, flu or sinusitis, you will often find yourself full of phlegm and stuck with a stuffy nose. But these seemingly unpleasant symptoms are actually helping you fight the illness, because your body produces more mucus to increase your levels of antiseptic enzymes and antibodies. The gushing nose also helps flush out germs, while simultaneously making it difficult for other bacteria to enter. But when this happens, your nasal passages are likely to become inflamed and your chest will usually feel congested.

While it's great that your body fights the virus, it’s still an uncomfortable situation, and you will be grateful for some relief. A decongestant can help thin out the mucus and reduce its production, while an expectorant can loosen the phlegm and help you cough it out. Although you can buy decongestants and expectorants at the pharmacy, they’re often loaded with other ingredients that can make you drowsy. Here is a recipe for a natural decongestant and expectorant to save your day (and night).

This recipe is made using cayenne pepper, honey and ginger, all recognized expectorants that can loosen phlegm and mucus, so you can expel it from your body more easily. For decongestion, the capsaicin in cayenne pepper (the component that makes it spicy) helps relieve the swelling and inflammation that narrows your nasal passages. Apple cider vinegar and lemon are also added to the mixture because of their decongestant properties. Apple cider vinegar serves to thin the mucus that’s secreted, allowing for congested areas to be drained; while lemon juice is also known to help with congestion, apart from giving the mixture a more pleasant taste.

Ingredients  

½ teaspoon cayenne pepper 

½ teaspoon powdered ginger 

3 tablespoons honey 

 ¼ cup lemon juice 

¼ cup apple cider vinegar 

 

 Directions 

Pour the lemon juice and apple cider vinegar in a pot and bring it to a simmer. 

Stir in the honey, cayenne pepper and ginger. 

Pour the contents into a jar and store in a cool, dry place.

Dosage - Adults can take 1 or 2 tablespoons daily, as needed. Shake the jar well before using. 

 

Tip: Warming the mixture can be a pleasant way to consume this tonic.

This is only for your information, kindly take the advice of your doctor for medicines, exercises and so on.     

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9 Breathing Techniques To Help For Good Sleep

Many people find it difficult to sleep. They may have tried many things including taking meds. Now, in stead of meds for everything- pain, cold, cough, sleep and so on, why not try some simple breathing exercises, which can help you to sleep better.
Here's what to remember before getting started: 
When doing the breathing exercises, it is always good to keep your eyes closed, which may help you shut out distractions. Keep your mind focused on your breath and think about the healing power of your breath. While these nine breathing exercises each have their own pros, benefits may vary slightly. Take a look to see which is the best match for you and you'll be sleeping soundly in no time: 

1. 4-7-8 breathing technique 
Here is how to practice the 4-7-8 breathing technique:
1. Allow your lips to part gently, then exhale completely, making a breathy whoosh sound as you do.
2. Press your lips together as you silently inhale through the nose for a count of 4 seconds, then hold your breath for a count of 7 and exhale again for a full 8 seconds, making a whooshing sound throughout.
3. Repeat this breathing technique for a total of four times, eventually making your way up to 8 repetitions. 
Benefits: This ancient yogic technique helps people relax as it replenishes oxygen in the body. 

2. Bhramari pranayama breathing exercise 
Follow these steps to perform the original Bhramari pranayama breathing exercise: 
1. Close your eyes and deeply breathe in and out.
2. Cover your ears with your hands and place your index fingers above your eyebrows, resting your fingers over your eyes.
3. Then, put gentle pressure to the sides of your nose and focus on your brow area.
4. Keep your mouth closed and breathe out slowly through your nose. As you do so, make the humming 'Om' sound.
5. Repeat the process for a total of 5 times. 
Benefits: This breathing exercise has been shown to quickly reduce breathing and heart rate, which tends to be very calming and is able to prepare your body for sleep. 

3. Three-part breathing exercise 
Here's what you nee to do to complete this three-part breathing exercise: 
1. Take a long, deep inhale, then exhale fully while focusing intently on your body and how it feels.
2. Once you've done this a few times, begin to slow down your exhale, ensuring that it is twice as long as your inhale. 
Benefits: Is one of the most simple breaths to perform and help keep the mind calm. 

4. Diaphragmatic breathing exercise 
To do diaphragmatic breathing exercises:
1. Lie on your back and bend your knees over a pillow or sit in a chair.
2. Place one hand flat against your chest and keep the other on your stomach, and take slow deep breaths through your nose, keeping the hand on your chest still, as the hand on your stomach rises and falls with your breaths.
3. Now, breathe in slowly through purse lips and eventually you'll be able to breathe in and out without your chest moving. 
Benefits: This technique slows your breathing and decreases your oxygen needs as it strengthens your diaphragm. 

5. Alternate nasal breathing exercise 
Tips on who to do the alternate nasal or alternate nostril breathing exercise: 
1. Sit with your legs crossed and place your left hand on your knee and your right thumb against your nose.
2. Then exhale fully and close the right nostril.
3. Inhale through your left nostril.
4. Open your right nostril and exhale through it, while closing the left. Continue this rotation for 5 minutes, finishing by exhaling through your left nostril.
Benefits: A study conducted in 2013, found that people who tried nasal breathing exercises felt less stressed afterward. 

6. Buteyko breathing
To practice buteyko breathing for sleep do this:
1. Sit in bed keeping your mouth gently closed, not pursed, and breathe through your nose at a natural pace for about 30 seconds.
2. Gently pinch your nose closed with your thumb and forefinger, and keep your mouth closed as well until you feel that you are able to breathe again.
3. Keeping your mouth closed, take a deep breath in and out through your nose. 
Benefits: Most people are unaware that they are hyperventilating and this exercise will help you reset to a normal rhythm of breathing.

7. The Papworth method 
In this breathing exercise, you focus on your diaphragm to breathe more naturally.
1. Sit up straight, and take deep, methodical breaths in and out, counting to four with each exhale (also through the nose).
2. Keep your mind fixed on your abdomen rising and falling, listening to your breath for sounds to come from your stomach. 
Benefits: This breathing exercise is great for reducing habits of yawning and sighing. 

8. Kapalbhati breathing exercise 
Also known as pursed-lip breathing, kapalbhati involves four steps:
1. Breathe in deeply through the nose, then pucker your lips as though you are going to blow on a pinwheel.
2. Through your pursed lips, exhale three times more slowly than you inhaled.
3. Repeat until you feel calm and sleepy.
Benefits: This breathing exercise relieves shortness of breath and improves ventilation by getting rid of excess carbon dioxide. 

9. Box breathing 
During box breathing focus intently on the oxygen that you are bringing in and pushing out as follows:
1. Sit with your back straight and breathe in, then push all the air out of your lungs as you exhale.
2. Inhale slowly through your nose and silently count to four as you fill your lungs with air.
3. Hold the breath to a count of four, then slowly exhale through the mouth as you focus on getting all the oxygen out of your lings. 
Benefits: This breathing technique will help keep you focused and relaxed.

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Nose virus may trigger middle ear infection

Middle ear infections, which affect more than 85 per cent of children under the age of 3, can be triggered by a viral infection in the nose rather than solely by a bacterial infection, according to new research.

In animal models, researchers at the Wake Forest Baptist Medical Centre simultaneously infected the nose with a flu virus and a bacterium that is one of the leading causes of ear infections in children.
They found that the flu virus inflamed the nasal tissue and significantly increased both the number of bacteria and their propensity to travel through the Eustachian tube and infect the middle ear.

"Every individual has bacteria in the nose that most of the time doesn't cause problems," said the study's lead author, W Edward Swords, professor of microbiology and immunology at Wake Forest Baptist.

"However, under certain conditions those bacteria can migrate to the middle ear and cause an ear infection, and now we have a better understanding of how and why that happens," said Swords.
The bacterium used in the animal study, Streptococcus pneumonia, is known to exist in the noses of children in two phases, one relatively invasive and the other relatively benign.

The more invasive phase is more frequently found in the infected ears of children.

However, the study indicated that the flu virus promoted bacterial growth and ear infection regardless of which phase of the bacterium was present in the nose.

"These findings suggest that a flu infection modifies the response of the immune system to this particular bacterium, enabling even the type that has previously been considered benign to infect the middle ear," Swords said.

The study was published in the journal Infection and Immunity.

 THIS IS ONLY FOR INFORMATION, ALWAYS CONSULT YOU PHYSICIAN BEFORE HAVING ANY PARTICULAR FOOD/ MEDICATION/EXERCISE/OTHER REMEDIES.

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