E-cigarettes can harm fertility in young women

Researchers have found that e-cigarette usage may impair fertility and pregnancy outcomes in young women.

Many young and pregnant women are using e-cigarettes as a safer alternative to smoking, but little is known about its effects on fertility and pregnancy outcomes.

“We found that e-cigarette usage prior to conception significantly delayed implantation of a fertilized embryo to the uterus, thus delaying and reducing fertility (in mice),” said study author.

“We also discovered that e-cigarette usage throughout pregnancy changed the long-term health and metabolism of female offspring – imparting lifelong, second-generation effects on the growing foetus,” she added.
 
For the study, the researchers used a mouse model to examine whether e-cigarette exposure impairs fertility and offspring health.

After exposure to e-cigarette vapour, female mice showed decreased embryo implantation and a significant delay in the onset of pregnancy.

Female offspring exposed to e-cigarettes in utero also failed to gain as much weight as those of control mice.

“These findings are important because they change our views on the perceived safety of e-cigarettes as alternatives to traditional cigarettes before and during pregnancy,” the author added.

E-cigarettes are driving increases in tobacco product use among youth, researchers noted.

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E-cigarette vapours laden with toxic metals

It has come to light that e-cigarette vapours contain a significant amount of toxic metals, which can be dangerous.

According to a study, significant amounts of toxic metals, including lead, leak from some e-cigarette heating coils and are present in the aerosols inhaled by users.

In the study, the scientists examined e-cigarette devices owned by a sample of 56 users. They found that significant numbers of the devices generated aerosols with potentially unsafe levels of lead, chromium, manganese and/or nickel.

Chronic inhalation of these metals has been linked to lung, liver, immune, cardiovascular and brain damage, and even cancers.

"It's important for the FDA, the e-cigarette companies, and vapers themselves to know that these heating coils, as currently made, seem to be leaking toxic metals--which then get into the aerosols that vapors inhale," said senior author.

Vaping, the practice of inhaling this aerosol as if it were cigarette smoke, is now popular especially among teens, young adults and former smokers.

Vaping is popular in part because it provides the nicotine "hit" and the look and feel of tobacco-smoking but without smoking's extreme health risks. Evidence that vaping isn't entirely safe continues to accumulate, however.

For the new study, the team, recruited 56 daily e-cigarette users from vaping conventions and e-cigarette shops during the fall of 2015.

Working with participants' devices, which they brought to the researchers' lab, the scientists tested for the presence of 15 metals in the e-liquids in the vapers' refilling dispensers, the e-liquids in their coil-containing e-cigarette tanks and in the generated aerosols.

Consistent with prior studies, they found minimal amounts of metals in the e-liquids within refilling dispensers, but much larger amounts of some metals in the e-liquids that had been exposed to the heating coils within e-cigarette tanks.

The difference indicated that the metals almost certainly had come from the coils. Most importantly, the scientists showed that the metal contamination carried over to the aerosols produced by heating the e-liquids.

Of the metals significantly present in the aerosols, lead, chromium, nickel and manganese were the ones of most concern, as all are toxic when inhaled.

Almost 50 per cent of aerosol samples had lead concentrations higher than health-based limits defined by the Environmental Protection Agency. Similarly, median aerosol concentrations of nickel, chromium and manganese approached or exceeded safe limits.

"These were median levels only," the author said. "The actual levels of these metals varied greatly from sample to sample, and often were much higher than safe limits".

E-cigarette heating coils typically are made of nickel, chromium and a few other elements, making them the most obvious sources of metal contamination, although the source of the lead remains a mystery.

Precisely how metals get from the coil into the surrounding e-liquid is another mystery. "We don't know yet whether metals are chemically leaching from the coil or vaporizing when it's heated," Rule said.

The researchers did observe, however, that aerosol metal concentrations tended to be higher for e-cigarettes with more frequently changed coils--suggesting that fresher coils give off metals more readily.

The researchers also detected significant levels of arsenic, a metal-like element that can be highly toxic, in refill e-liquid and in the corresponding tank e-liquid and aerosol samples from 10 of the 56 vapors. How the arsenic got into these e-liquids is yet another mystery--and another potential focus for regulators.

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E-Cigarettes Equally Damaging to Gums, Teeth as Conventional Cigarettes

Many people have been shifting from conventional cigarettes to electronic cigarettes in the assumption that the electric ones are safer and less harmful than the conventional ones. However, a new study revealed that e-cigarettes may do the equal amount of damage to gums and tissue as conventional cigarette.

The study, published in the journal Oncotarget, showed for the first time that e-cigarettes have detrimental effects on oral health on cellular and molecular levels.

E-cigarettes commonly contain a battery, heating device and cartridge to hold the liquid. The liquids used in e-cigarette, or also known as e-juice, may contain nicotine, flavorings and other chemicals. This battery-powered device works by heating the liquid in the cartridge, turning it into vapor that will be inhaled by the user.

"We showed that when the vapors from an e-cigarette are burned, it causes cells to release inflammatory proteins, which in turn aggravate stress within cells, resulting in damage that could lead to various oral diseases," explained Irfan Rahman, Ph.D. professor of Environmental Medicine at the UR School of Medicine and Dentistry and lead author of the study, in a press release. "How much and how often someone is smoking e-cigarettes will determine the extent of damage to the gums and oral cavity."

For the study, the researchers exposed 3-D human, non-smoker gum tissue to the vapors of e-cigarette. The researchers found that flavoring chemicals play a role in damaging cells in the mouth, with some flavorings more damaging than others. Aside from the flavoring chemicals, the researchers also noted that e-cigarettes contain nicotine, which is also known to contribute to gum disease.

With their findings, the researchers hope for further research regarding the safety and potential adverse health effects of e-cigarettes. The researchers are also urging manufacturers to disclose all materials and chemicals used in their products, informing consumers about the potential danger of e-cigarette.
 

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