Tiny bubbles in our body to fight cancer better than chemo

Researchers have found that tiny bubbles in our body might potentially be used to treat cancer and could fight the disease better than chemotherapy.

Healthy cells in our body release nano-sized bubbles that transfer genetic material such as DNA and RNA to other cells. It's your DNA that stores the important information necessary for RNA to produce proteins and make sure they act accordingly.

According to the researchers, these bubbly extracellular vesicles (EV) could become mini treatment transporters, carrying a combination of therapeutic drugs and genes that target cancer cells and kill them.

"What we've done is improve a therapeutic approach to delivering enzyme-producing genes that can convert certain drugs into toxic agents and target tumours," said the study's lead author .

These drugs or prodrugs start out as inactive compounds. But once they metabolize in the body, they are immediately activated and can get to work on fighting everything from cancer to headaches.

Aspirin is an example of a common prodrug.

In this case, researchers used EVs, to deliver the enzyme-producing genes that could activate a prodrug combination therapy of ganciclovir and CB1954 in breast cancer cells.

Minicircle DNA and regular plasmid - two different gene vectors that act as additional delivery mechanisms for DNA - were loaded into the vesicles to see which was better at helping transport treatment.

This is known as a gene-directed enzyme, prodrug therapy.

They found that the minicircle DNA was 14 times more effective at delivery and even more successful at killing cancerous tumours.

"Conventional chemotherapy isn't able to differentiate between tumours and normal tissue, so it attacks it all," he said.

With EVs, treatment can be targeted and because of their compatibility with the human body, this type of delivery could minimize the risk of unwanted immune responses that can come with other gene therapies.

"If EVs prove to be effective in humans, it would be an ideal platform for gene delivery and it could be used in humans sooner than we expect," he added.

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Tiny molecule may help battle depression

A tiny molecule may provide a marker for depression and help detect individuals who are likely to respond to antidepressant treatment, a new study has found.

Researchers at McGill University and the Douglas Institute in Canada discovered that levels of a small molecule, called miR-1202, found only in humans and in other primates are lower in the brains of depressed individuals.

Depression is a common cause of disability, and while viable medications exist to treat it, finding the right medication for individual patients often amounts to trial and error for the physician.

"Using samples from the Douglas Bell-Canada Brain Bank, we examined brain tissues from individuals who were depressed and compared them with brain tissues from psychiatrically healthy individuals," said Dr Gustavo Turecki, a psychiatrist at the Douglas and professor in the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry at McGill.

"We identified this molecule, a microRNA known as miR-1202, only found in humans and primates and discovered that it regulates an important receptor of the neurotransmitter glutamate," said Turecki.

Turecki and colleagues conducted a number of experiments that showed that antidepressants change the levels of this microRNA.

"In our clinical trials with living depressed individuals treated with citalopram, a commonly prescribed antidepressant, we found lower levels in depressed individuals compared to the non-depressed individuals before treatment," said Turecki.

"Clearly, microRNA miR-1202 increased as the treatment worked and individuals no longer felt depressed," Turecki said.

"Although antidepressants are clearly effective, there is variability in how individuals respond to antidepressant treatment," said Turecki.

"We found that miR-1202 is different in individuals with depression and particularly, among those patients who eventually will respond to antidepressant treatment," he said.

The study was published in the journal Nature Medicine.

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BYPASS SURGERY MAY SOON BECOME A THING OF THE PAST

Source: Biochemical   Pharmacology 

Bypass  Surgery Might Be History  Soon...

In a groundbreaking discovery  that may eventually render bypass surgery history,  researchers at Tel Aviv University  have shown that an injected protein  can  regrow blood vessels in the human  heart.

 In heart disease, blood vessels  are either clogged or die off, starving the heart of  oxygen and leaving it highly
 susceptible to a cardiac  attack.

Dr. Britta Hardy of TAU's  Sackler School of Medicine and her team of researchers  have developed a protein-based  injection that when delivered straight to muscles  in the body, sparks the regrowth  of tiny blood  vessels.

 The new vessels in the heart could  give millions of people  around   the world a new lease on  life.

 "The biotechnology behind our human-based protein therapy is very complicated,  but the goal is simple and the> solution is straightforward. We intend to inject  our drug locally to heal  any oxyinflammation   gen-starved  tissue.

 So far in animal models, we've  seen no side effects and  no following our injection of the drug into the legs. The growth of new  blood   vessels happens within a few  weeks, showing improved blood  circulation,"
said  Hardy.
 The protein solution can also be  added as a coating to a  stent. Usually, the the implantation of a stent is
accompanied by a high risk for blood  clots,   which necessitates the use of  blood  thinners.

"We could coat a stent with > our peptide, attracting endothelial stem cells  to  form a film on the surface of the
 stent. These endothelial cells on the stent  would eliminate the need for  taking the blood thinners that prevent
blood   clots from forming," said  Hardy.

 If investment goals are met, the  researchers are hoping that toxicity studies and  Phase I trials could be complete

within two years.

The researchers began the study  for preventing leg amputations, positing  that  proteins from the human body could  be used to trigger the growth of new blood  vessels.

Hardy started by studying a  later confirmed initial  library of peptides and testing them in the laboratory  synthesized peptides and tested  them in diabetic mice whose> results. She then took some of the isolated and  legs were in the process of  dying.

 Although diabetes is known to  decrease blood circulation, Hardy found  that  her therapy reversed the decrease.
 "Within a short time we saw the  formation   of capillaries and tiny blood vessels.

After three weeks, they had grown  and merged together with the rest of  the   circulatory system," she  said. In mice with limited blood circulation, she  was   able to completely restore blood  vessels and save their  legs.

 It was then a short step to  studying the applicability of the research  to cardiac patients.  "It''s pretty obvious if there is regrowth or  not.

 Our technology promises to regrow  blood vessels like a net, and a heart that   grows more blood vessels becomes  stronger. It's now imaginable that, in  the   distant future, peptide injections may be able to replace bypass  surgeries,"   concluded  Hardy. 

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