This New 10-Minute Test Detects Cancer Early Using Gold Particles

We talk a lot about preventive medicine, especially when it comes to cancer, which includes dietary  and life-style changes like managing stress and reducing environmental toxins. But that's only part of the cancer-combating equation. Early detection is essential, as it increases the chances of successful treatment, and scientists have been developing ways to detect cancer earlier in non-invasive ways—but a new discovery by researchers may be the most important to date.

Now, thanks to these Australian researchers, we have a way to identify cancerous cells using just a 10-minute test and any tissue sample (including a blood sample), according to their new study.

How does it work? All of our healthy cells contain patterns of molecules called methyl groups, which spread across the genome. In cancer cells, these methyl groups appear in dense clusters at certain locations, and when affected cells were put in water, it caused, "DNA fragments to fold into unique three-dimensional nanostructures that could easily be separated by sticking to solid surfaces such as gold," says one of the study authors.

The altered cell structure of the cancer cell found in the sample was drawn to gold particles, changing the color of the cell when they came in contact and allowing scientists to separate the cancer cells from the healthy cells.

So, while the method uses circulating cancer DNA in the blood, similar to a liquid biopsy, this detection method is novel because it's simple, less expensive than other testing methods, and has the potential to pair with a smartphone.

While the test has yet to be done on humans, the study reports 90% accuracy  after testing 200 human cancer samples and healthy DNA. "This unique nano-scaled DNA signature appeared in every type of breast cancer we examined, and in other forms of cancer including prostate, colorectal and lymphoma," the Dr. said in a statement.

The next step is to run large-scale clinical trials to determine just how early cancer can be detected. The researchers are already assessing whether other bodily fluids could be tested to detect cancers. These are cutting-edge discoveries, and we are standing by for what happens next.

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Path breaking test that detects all cancers in minutes

Scientists have developed a quick test that can detect all types of cancer from blood or biopsy tissues within minutes. The test, developed by researchers who have discovered a unique DNA nanostructure that appears to be common to all cancers.

Cancer is an extremely complicated and variable disease and different types of cancer have different signatures. It had been difficult to find a simple signature that was distinct from healthy cells and common to all cancers.

"This unique nano-scaled DNA signature appeared in every type of breast cancer we examined, and in other forms of cancer including prostate, colorectal and lymphoma," said a researcher.

"The levels and patterns of tiny molecules called methyl groups that decorate DNA are altered dramatically by cancer -- these methyl groups are key for cells to control which genes are turned on and off," he said.

Researchers developed a tool that could look at these pattern changes at the whole genome level within minutes.

"In healthy cells, these methyl groups are spread out across the genome, but the genomes of cancer cells are essentially barren except for intense clusters of methyl groups at very specific locations," said a scientist.

The team discovered that intense clusters of methyl groups placed in a solution caused cancer DNA fragments to fold into unique three-dimensional nanostructures that could easily be separated by sticking to solid surfaces such as gold.

"We designed a simple test using gold nanoparticles that instantly change colour to determine if the 3D nanostructures of cancer DNA are present," said a scientist.

He said cancer cells released their DNA into blood plasma when they died.

"So we were very excited about an easy way of catching these circulating free cancer DNA signatures in blood," he said.

Discovering that cancerous DNA molecules formed entirely different 3D nanostructures from normal circulating DNA was a breakthrough that has enabled an entirely new approach to detect cancer non-invasively in any tissue type including blood.
 
"This led to the creation of inexpensive and portable detection devices that could eventually be used as a diagnostic tool, possibly with a mobile phone," he said.

The new technology has proved to be up to 90 per cent accurate in tests involving 200 human cancer samples and normal DNA.

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Researchers discover new non-invasive method can detect Alzheimer's early

Researchers, including those of Indian origin, have developed a noninvasive method that can detect Alzheimer's disease in a living animal, well before typical symptoms appear.

An interdisciplinary team of Northwestern University scientists and engineers have developed a noninvasive MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) probe that pairs a magnetic nanostructure (MNS) with an antibody that seeks out the amyloid beta brain toxins responsible for onset of Alzheimer's disease.

The accumulated toxins, because of the associated magnetic nanostructures, show up as dark areas in MRI scans of the brain. "We have a new brain imaging method that can detect the toxin that leads to Alzheimer's disease," said neuroscientist William L Klein who led the research team along with materials scientist Vinayak P Dravid. "Using MRI, we can see the toxins attached to neurons in the brain. We expect to use this tool to detect this disease early and to help identify drugs that can effectively eliminate the toxin and improve health," Klein said.

The new MRI probe technology is detecting something different from conventional technology: toxic amyloid beta oligomers instead of plaques, which occur at a stage of Alzheimer's when therapeutic intervention would be very late. Amyloid beta oligomers now are widely believed to be the culprit in the onset of Alzheimer's disease and subsequent memory loss.

In a diseased brain, the mobile amyloid beta oligomers attack the synapses of neurons, destroying memory and ultimately resulting in neuron death. As time progresses, the amyloid beta builds up and starts to stick together, forming the amyloid plaques that current probes target. Oligomers may appear more than a decade before plaques are detected.

"Non-invasive imaging by MRI of amyloid beta oligomers is a giant step forward towards diagnosis of this debilitating disease in its earliest form," said Dravid, the Abraham Harris Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science. "This MRI method could be used to determine how well a new drug is working. If a drug is effective, you would expect the amyloid beta signal to go down," Dravid said.

The nontoxic MRI probe was delivered intranasally to mouse models with Alzheimer's disease and control animals without the disease. In animals with Alzheimer's, the toxins' presence can be seen clearly in the hippocampus in MRI scans of the brain. No dark areas, however, were seen in the hippocampus of the control group.

Researchers Ruchi Sureka, Mrinmoy De, Shaleen Vasavada, Sreyesh Satpathy, Summer Wu, Hrushikesh Joshi and Pottumarthi Prasad also worked on the study published in the journal Nature Nanotechnology.

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