Stressed Pregnancy Might Hinder Infants’ Brain Development

While stress is at no time considered healthy, maternal stress during or even before pregnancy can affect the infant’s brain development, found a new study. The study looked at the relationship between maternal stress and brain development in 251 premature kids. Researchers found evidence for the impaired development of a white matter tract, the uncinate fasciculus, in babies whose mothers experience more stress in the prenatal period. These findings were published in the Journal Biological Psychiatry.

The mothers completed a questionnaire that asked them about their experiences of stressful events, ranging from everyday stress such as moving house or taking an exam to more severe stressors like experiencing bereavement, separation or divorce.

A score of severity of stress was calculated based on how many stressors they experienced as well as how severe those stressors were. This is what was related to the baby’s brain.
Researchers used a medical imaging technique called diffusion tensor imaging that was specifically developed to look at the structure of the white matter, which has previously been implicated in anxiety disorders – adults that have an anxiety disorder may show changes in the tract.

We found that in the mums that were more stressed during pregnancy and the period before birth, white matter was altered in the babies, said lead researcher.

Clinicians have an important role to play when speaking with expectant mothers. While questions are asked about depressive symptoms, few questions are asked about general stress and anxiety. Women who deal with stressful life events during pregnancy are not picked up by their GPs or by their health care providers very often.

It is not diagnosed as often as it should be during pregnancy and we are trying to emphasise that maternal mental health during pregnancy can impact the baby’s brain development which may impact on their outcomes later in life, researcher added.
Antenatal services need to be aware that it is important to think about stress of the mums and we need to have some kind of support there for the mums who identify that they are stressed, the researcher opined.

There is some evidence to suggest that if mothers experience poor mental health during pregnancy that leads to adverse outcomes in the baby – obstetric outcomes, lower birth weight or premature birth.
A mother’s poor mental health may also lead to altered early behavior such as more frequent crying.

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Babies start learning language in womb

I actually had read that babies do recognise voices while in the womb. Hence, when my daughter was pregnant, I used to call her in U.S. and tell her to keep the phone on her stomach and talk to her baby. Thinking back, no wonder, after birth, our grand-daughter was more attached to me! 

Another such experience, our daughter-in-law used to keep singing a song when she was pregnant, it was more like a prayer. After delivery, whenever her son used to cry, or to make him sleep, she'ld sing that song. One day, she sang a different song, her son kept crying, as it took her some time to realise that he wasn't happy with the other son, but wanted her to sing the song that he was used to from the womb !

How we learn and use language is a miraculous feat that science knows so little about. Babies use language meticulously at a very young age.  It could come up as surprising that babies have any contact with the outside world before they are born, but new evidence came to light which suggests that babies can hear noises from inside the womb. Not just that, they are actively involved in learning the sounds of the language their mothers speak. So, in a way, language learning starts in the womb, well before than previously thought. Now let's break this down in more detail. 

Unborn babies start to respond to noises sometimes between the 24th and 30th weeks of pregnancy. That means they begin to process sounds and distinguish among most of them, especially vowels since they are the most audible. It is interesting to note that they respond specifically to language, as opposed to other sounds. Studies have shown that newborns, immediately after birth, show increased brain activity when listening to a speech segment, as opposed to the same segment played backwards, or silence. Considering that they have this reaction immediately after birth, it is only logical to conclude that they developed this response in the womb as fetuses. It is also thought that fetuses as such have a similar response to voices and speech patterns in the womb. 

In another study, pregnant women played a recording of a 'nonsense word' to their unborn babies repeatedly several times a week in their last weeks of pregnancy. After birth, babies recognized the nonsense word while those who were not exposed to it before birth showed no reaction.

Pre-birth exposure to language is also documented in studies which show that unborn babies develop the ability to recognize the sound pattern of their native language, preferring it to that of languages they haven't heard before. In one study, unborn babies were shown to not only distinguish their mother's voice from that of other people, but they could also recognize their native language (English in this case) over a foreign language (say, Mandarin). 

Researcher and psycholinguist, also a professor, said that newborns, again immediately after birth, prefer to listen to voices that correspond to the language they were exposed to in the womb. Newborns showed their preferences by how long they sucked on specially rigged pacifiers that enabled them to hear one speaker versus another, or one language versus another.

A Dr. in an experiment, she conducted that babies of a very young age have the ability to distinguish all the different sounds used in all world's languages. After a couple of months after birth, though, babies start to filter out the sounds that are not used in their native language and so they lose the ability to distinguish the sounds that are not part o their native language. Thus, a baby growing up hearing Japanese will lose the ability to distinguish between “la” and “ra,” while a baby growing up hearing Korean will retain the ability to distinguish three different ways of pronouncing a sound like “tal” that has only one way of being pronounced in Dutch.

So, a lot is happening well before babies are even born. The first incremental steps in the incredible task of language learning start in the womb. As research into language progresses, it will reveal more and more about this mysterious human ability.

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A father's stress can change his sperm

Children of stressed fathers are at greater risk of developing PTSD and depression, according to a new study.

Researchers found life's pressures can change the DNA of a man's sperm - leading to brain development changes in his yet unborn baby, a media reports.

It's widely known that a mother's environment during pregnancy, including factors such as poor diet, stress and infection, can negatively impact the offspring.

Learning how a father's behaviour and environment can impact his child's development could lead to the detection and prevention of many mental health disorders.

"Researchers have known for years that stress can increase the risk of mental disorders," a Professor of neuroscience told an online media. "What's interesting here is that we are finding inter-generational effects."

Researchers conducted a mice experiment to examine how a father's lifestyle impacts his children.

Previously, the team has found male mice experiencing chronic periods of mild stress passed down genetic coding for a less effective hormonal response to stress in children.

Three major hormones are released by the nervous system when the body is under stress. These are adrenaline, cortisol and norepinephrine. Collectively, these hormones send our bodies into 'fight or flight' mode, which is important to the body's ability to cope with the effects of stress.

Stress resulted in changes in sperms genetic material known as microRNA, which plays a key role in which genes become functional proteins.

These changes in stress reactivity have been linked to some mental disorders, including depression and PTSD.

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