Monday, February 17, 2020

Dengue virus is resistant to vaccine

Researchers at the University of Texas has recently conducted a study in which they found that dengue virus is undergoing various changes that are assisting it in nullifying effects of vaccines and therapeutics.

For the study, the scientists took DENV2 strain of dengue virus from four patients and tested them. They also developed the same strain in the laboratory and analysed them as well. The study results published in the journal PLOS Pathogens showed that the laboratory developed virus strain transformed into bumpy particles when undergone mutation in the E protein. And the strain that were taken from humans were found to have smooth surface structure at 37 degrees Celsius. Notably, the viral surface became a bumpy one after the strain experienced fever temperature of about 40 degree Celsius.

This clearly meant that the dengue virus has a smooth spherical surface whilst it is growing in the mosquito’s body, which has a temperature of 29 degrees Celsius. However, it changes to a bumpy one at the human physiological temperature. And, this morphing ability is what helps the virus to camouflage and manage to evade the host’s immune system.

According to researchers, it is important to understand the mechanism behind this transformation to develop effective dengue vaccine and therapeutics for the condition.

While we have understood the reason behind the rapidly increasing cases of dengue fever in the country and world-wide, let’s know what exactly this disease is all about. This is important to effectively prevent the condition in the first place.


Symptoms of dengue fever

Symptom of dengue in children and teens are no different. They basically do not experience any symptom during the initial phase of dengue fever, especially if it is mild. Symptoms of dengue generally occurs post four to seven days of being exposed to the dengue virus. Some of the dengue fever symptoms basically involve high fever, headache, muscle, joint, and bone pain, vomiting, nausea, swollen glands, pain behind the eyes, rashes, etc. With timely treatment, these signs will fade away. If you fail to get yourself checked and treated on time, you may go through complications like severe abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, blood in your urine, bleeding from your gums, difficulty in breathing etc.


Diagnosis and line of treatment for dengue fever

As the signs and symptoms of dengue fever mimic those of the other common infections and diseases, it is a bit difficult to confirm the condition. So, doctors firstly try to rule out other diseases like malaria, typhoid fever, and leptospirosis. He will also ask you about your medical history. Then, he may perform a blood test to see if dengue ns1 antigen is present in your blood. Looking for dengue ns1 is quite effective and reliable as far as diagnosis of this condition is concerned.

Notably, there is no specific treatment is present for dengue fever. Doctors basically focus on reducing the symptoms of dengue fever. He may ask you to consume plenty of fluids to get rid of dehydration and high fever, which are two main signs of dengue. He may also give you pain reliever and ask you to eat iron rich foods. This is because dengue fever leads to drastic loss of platelets count. Some of the food sources of iron include spinach, red meat, legumes, pumpkin seeds etc.


Dengue prevention

By knowing the risk factors of dengue fever, you can manage to prevent the condition. Some of the known factors that increase your likelihood of getting dengue fever include living in tropical areas and prior dengue infection. Also, you can take vaccines to slightly reduce your risk. Moreover, if you are living in an area where the dengue infection is quite prevalent, stay in air-conditioned house, wear full sleeved clothes, and use mosquito repellent. Also, make sure that there is no mosquito breeding ground in and around your house.


Home care for dengue

Apart from opting medical help, you can rely on some of the most effective home remedies for dengue. Try having giloy juice on a daily basis. It is known to improve your metabolism and boost immunity. A strong defence system will help you fight against the dengue virus effectively. To consume it, you just need to boil two stems of giloy plant and drink this warm water twice a day. You can also opt for papaya leaf juice. It can potentially improve your platelet count. Guava juice is another effective home remedy for dengue fever. Being jam-packed with vitamin C, it can help you build strong immunity. It also contains important nutrient that you may need to recover faster. Fenugreek seeds are also found to be effective in tackling dengue. Being rich in vitamin C, K, and fibre, they can help you control dengue fever. To have them, you just need to soak some seeds in hot water. Let the water cool and then drink it twice a day. Doing that can bring down your fever and boost your immunity too.


This is only for your information, kindly take the advice of your doctor for medicines, exercises and so on.     
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Dengue virus becomes resistant to certain vaccines

While searching for a new approach in vaccine development for dengue, researchers discovered that the dengue virus changes its shape through mutations in envelope protein to evade vaccines and therapeutics.

DENV2 (a dengue virus) exists as smooth spherical surface particles while growing at the mosquito’s physiological temperature (29 degrees Celsius). It then changes to bumpy surfaced particles at human physiological temperature (37 degrees Celsius).

This ability to morph helps the virus to evade the immune system of the human host. Hence, understanding the mechanism behind this is important for therapeutics and vaccine development, reported the study published in the journal, PLOS Pathogens.

“Together with Professor Pei-Yong Shi from UTMB, we found that in laboratory-developed DENV2 strains, mutations in the virus’ E protein causes its transformation into bumpy particles. These structural changes can cause vaccines and therapeutics to be ineffective against the virus,” said Ms Xin-Ni Lim, the study’s lead author who is from Duke-NUS’ Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) Programme.

The team also tested four DENV2 strains obtained from patients. They observed that in contrast to the laboratory-adapted viruses, the majority of these clinical strains maintained smooth surface structure at 37 degrees Celsius.

However, at 40 degrees Celsius, the temperature of a fever, all virus strains took on a bumpy surface.

“Our study gives a new direction to vaccine development and treatment for dengue disease. For prevention of disease through vaccines that are administered to the patient before dengue infection, we should use those that are effective against the smooth surface virus,” said Dr Sheemei Lok, Professor, Duke-NUS’ EID and corresponding author of this study.

“When it comes to patients displaying fever symptoms, treatment strategies effective against the bumpy surface particles should be implemented,” added Dr Lok.

“This study is a first step towards gaining more insight into how DENV2 reacts and adapts to the host’s immunological defences. We were also able to use computational modelling approaches to predict why particles from different DENV2 strains are more or less adept at morphing from the smooth to bumpy structures. By better understanding the interactions between the virus and the host, we will be able to develop better therapies and vaccines to treat or prevent infections, and contribute to public health outcomes,” said Dr Peter Bond, Principal Investigator from A*STAR’s BII.

The study’s findings also show that the lab adapted DENV2 may not be a good model for research, as its structure is different from the clinical strains isolated from patients. The team is planning to study the other DENV serotypes to find out if there are any other possible structural changes.

This is only for your information, kindly take the advice of your doctor for medicines, exercises and so on.     
https://gscrochetdesigns.blogspot.com. one can see my crochet creations  
https://gseasyrecipes.blogspot.com. feel free to view for easy, simple and healthy recipes    
https://kneereplacement-stickclub.blogspot.com. for info on knee replacement
 

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Thursday, January 02, 2020

Dengue virus becomes resistant to certain vaccines


While searching for a new approach in vaccine development for dengue, researchers discovered that the dengue virus changes its shape through mutations in envelope protein to evade vaccines and therapeutics.

DENV2 (a dengue virus) exists as smooth spherical surface particles while growing at the mosquito's physiological temperature (29 degrees Celsius). It then changes to bumpy surfaced particles at human physiological temperature (37 degrees Celsius).

This ability to morph helps the virus to evade the immune system of the human host. Hence, understanding the mechanism behind this is important for therapeutics and vaccine development, reported the study.

"Together with Professor Pei-Yong Shi from UTMB, we found that in laboratory-developed DENV2 strains, mutations in the virus' E protein causes its transformation into bumpy particles. These structural changes can cause vaccines and therapeutics to be ineffective against the virus," said Ms Xin-Ni Lim, the study's lead author who is from Duke-NUS' Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) Programme.

The team also tested four DENV2 strains obtained from patients. They observed that in contrast to the laboratory-adapted viruses, the majority of these clinical strains maintained smooth surface structure at 37 degrees Celsius.

However, at 40 degrees Celsius, the temperature of a fever, all virus strains took on a bumpy surface.

"Our study gives a new direction to vaccine development and treatment for dengue disease. For prevention of disease through vaccines that are administered to the patient before dengue infection, we should use those that are effective against the smooth surface virus," said Dr Sheemei Lok, Professor, Duke-NUS' EID and corresponding author of this study.

"When it comes to patients displaying fever symptoms, treatment strategies effective against the bumpy surface particles should be implemented," added Dr Lok.

"This study is a first step towards gaining more insight into how DENV2 reacts and adapts to the host's immunological defences. We were also able to use computational modelling approaches to predict why particles from different DENV2 strains are more or less adept at morphing from the smooth to bumpy structures. By better understanding the interactions between the virus and the host, we will be able to develop better therapies and vaccines to treat or prevent infections, and contribute to public health outcomes," said Dr Peter Bond, Principal Investigator from A*STAR's BII.

The study's findings also show that the lab adapted DENV2 may not be a good model for research, as its structure is different from the clinical strains isolated from patients. The team is planning to study the other DENV serotypes to find out if there are any other possible structural changes.


this is only for your information, kindly take the advice of your doctor for medicines, exercises and so on.     
https://gscrochetdesigns.blogspot.com. one can see my crochet creations  
https://gseasyrecipes.blogspot.com. feel free to view for easy, simple and healthy recipes    
https://kneereplacement-stickclub.blogspot.com. for info on knee replacement
 




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