Lipids in humans can help control blood sugar levels

The discovery with the lipid known as 12-HEPE can pave the way for new treatments for diabetes, said the team from Brazil, the US and Germany.

The group also observed that a drug used to treat urinary dysfunction  increases the amount of 12-HEPE released into the bloodstream in human patients.

White adipose tissue, one of the two types of adipose tissue in mammals, including humans, stores excess energy as fat.

The other kind is brown adipose tissue, which converts energy from food into heat and contributes to thermal regulation.

The function of the lipid “12-HEPE” was unknown until the group discovered that blood sugar was reduced more efficiently in obese mice treated with 12-HEPE than in untreated mice after they were injected with a concentrated glucose solution.

According to the paper published in the journal Cell Metabolism, the beneficial effect of 12-HEPE on glucose tolerance in obese mice was due to its promotion of glucose uptake into both skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue.

The discovery lays a foundation for the development of new drugs to combat diabetes and possible new treatments with currently available drugs.

US researchers are currently conducting tests to measure the effects of relatively low doses of the drug on blood sugar levels.

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Scientists shed new light on how hormone works in weight loss

Scientists have found how the hormone, which is a popular target to develop weight-loss drugs, works in our body.

Researchers from UT Southwestern Medical Centre (US) tracked down fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) hormone and discovered that it acts directly on the brain, activating another hormone called corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). CRF then stimulates the nervous system, activating brown adipose tissue, which generates body heat by burning fat.

Professor of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology Dr Steven Kliewer said that FGF21 has been known for playing a role in weight loss and they had previously shown that the hormone could act directly on the brain in mice to influence functions like reproduction. In the new study they have shown that FGF21 also acts directly on the brain to regulate obesity.

Specifically, researchers found that the FGF21-CRF pathway activated a part of the nervous system that controlled various involuntary body functions, called the sympathetic nervous system, to signal to brown fat. Brown fat, often considered the "good" fat, actually burns energy by generating heat, called thermogenesis, to protect from the cold. Once brown fat receives a "weight loss" signal, the tissue burns fat.

The findings are important to ongoing efforts to understand obesity at a molecular level and thus better respond to the obesity epidemic.

The study is published in the journal Cell Metabolism.

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Exposure to cold temperature may help fight obesity by turning bad fat to good fat

Popular weight loss methods include reducing food intake and engaging in physical activities but findings of a new study suggest that exposure to cold temperature can also be beneficial for individuals who want to lose weight.

For a new study published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism on Oct. 9, Philip Kern, from the University of Kentucky School of Medicine, and colleagues compared the belly fat of 55 people collected during summer and winter. They also assessed the thigh fat of 16 individuals after they placed an ice pack on their skin for half an hour.

Brown fat, which is also called as brown adipose tissue, or BAT, is a fat tissue which burns glucose and energy in order to produce heat. Small animals and even infants depend on brown fat to keep themselves warm. However, for adults, most fat deposits are called white fat or white adipose tissue (WAT).

While brown fat can burn calories, white fat stores energy but the latter may also help in burning calories when it takes some of the characteristics of brown fat. The tissue produced in this process is known as the "beige fat." In studies involving rodents, the animals that were exposed to cold temperatures can transform deposits of white fat into beige fat.

"We wanted to investigate whether human adults had the ability to transform some white fat deposits into beige fat when they were exposed to cold," Kern said, adding that browning fat tissue could be an excellent means of battling obesity, a condition that affects nearly 35 percent of American adults and is associated with a number of diseases include type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure as it could help the body burn more calories instead of storing them as additional fat tissue.

The researchers found that the belly fat taken during winter contained higher levels of two genetic markers for brown fat than that taken during summer. Kern and colleagues have likewise noted that thigh fat collected after people placed an ice pack on their skin also contained higher levels of three genetic markers associated with brown fat.

"Human sc WAT increases thermogenic genes seasonally and acutely in response to a cold stimulus and this response is inhibited by obesity and inflammation," the researchers wrote.

Kern and colleagues, however, found that obesity and inflammation can hinder the conversion of white fat to beige fat.

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