Lipids in humans can help control blood sugar levels

The discovery with the lipid known as 12-HEPE can pave the way for new treatments for diabetes, said the team from Brazil, the US and Germany.

The group also observed that a drug used to treat urinary dysfunction  increases the amount of 12-HEPE released into the bloodstream in human patients.

White adipose tissue, one of the two types of adipose tissue in mammals, including humans, stores excess energy as fat.

The other kind is brown adipose tissue, which converts energy from food into heat and contributes to thermal regulation.

The function of the lipid “12-HEPE” was unknown until the group discovered that blood sugar was reduced more efficiently in obese mice treated with 12-HEPE than in untreated mice after they were injected with a concentrated glucose solution.

According to the paper published in the journal Cell Metabolism, the beneficial effect of 12-HEPE on glucose tolerance in obese mice was due to its promotion of glucose uptake into both skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue.

The discovery lays a foundation for the development of new drugs to combat diabetes and possible new treatments with currently available drugs.

US researchers are currently conducting tests to measure the effects of relatively low doses of the drug on blood sugar levels.

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MIT reserchers catalogue 7,757 gut microbes that can help develop new treatments

Researchers have created a comprehensive catalogue of human gut bacteria by isolating and preserving samples of 7,758 strains of the microbes-- an advance that may help develop new treatments for several diseases.

The human digestive system houses thousands of different strains of bacteria, many of which are beneficial, while some have been linked to metabolic disorders and inflammatory bowel diseases for over a decade.

To know more about how these microbes changed in individuals over time, the researchers at MIT, in the US collected stool samples from about 90 people from an area, for up to 2 years.

Results from the data set (BIO-ML) should help in understanding the way in which microbial populations change in the human gut, researchers said.

This may also help scientists develop new treatments for a variety of diseases, said a Prof. of biological engineering and of civil and environmental engineering at MIT.

There's a lot of excitement in the microbiome field because there are associations between thesee bacteria and health and disease. But we're lacking in being able to develop to understand why that is, what's the mechanism, and what are the functions of those bacteria that are causing them to associate with the disease, she said.

More than ever before, modern techniques allow us to isolate previously uncultured human gut bacteria. Exloring this genetic and functional diversity is fascinating-- everywhere we look, we discover new things, said one of the lead authors.

I'm convinced that enriching biobanks with a large diversity of strains from individuals living diverse lifestyles is essential for future advancements in human microbiome research, she added. This is the first time we're getting a glimpse of these really different dynamics, she said.

In a case, the researchers found 3 related strains of Bacteroides vulgatus coexisting within a single person, all of which appeared to have diverged from one ancestor strain within the host.

In another case, the study noted one strain of Turicibacter snaguinis completely replacing a related strain of the same species nearly overnight.

For the most part of the research, the team focused on microbes found in about a dozen individuals who had provided samples over an extended period.

That was a unique opportunity, and we thought that would be a great set of individuals to really try to dig down and characterise the microbial populations more thoroughly, she said.

To date, there hadn't been a tonne of longitudinal studies, and we wanted to make that a key focus of our study, so we could understand what the variation is day-to-day , she said.

The team was able to isolate a total of 7,758 strains from the 6 major phyla of bacteria that mostly make up the human GI tract, and for 3,632 of these, they sequenced the full genomes.

For the remaining strains, they sequenced partial genomes. They also measured the quantities of different metabolites found in the stool samples, revealing that, within a single person, changes in amino acid levels were closely linked with changes in microbial populations over time.
However, when looking at the differences in the composition of microbial populations across people, the variations were closely associated with changes in the levels of bile acids that help in digestion.

The researchers don't know exactly procedures these differences, but say they could be influenced by diet-- a link they hope to study in the future. Comprehensive and high-resolution collections of bacterial isolates open the mechanistically investigate how our lifestyle shapes out gut microbiome, metabolism and inflammation. 

We aim to provide such a resource to the research community worldwide, including to lower-income research community worldwide, including to lower-income research institutions, said MIT research associate.

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