Prenatal drinking can alter baby's genes

Pregnant women are advised to stay away from alcohol, according to a new study drinking moderate to high levels of alcohol might alter the DNA of their babies. 


"Our findings may make it easier to test children for prenatal alcohol exposure and enable early diagnosis and intervention that can help improve the children's lives," said lead author.





An earlier study  found that binge and heavy drinking may trigger a long-lasting genetic change in adults. 


In this study, researchers found changes in two genes - POMC, which regulates the stress-response system, and PER2, which influences the body's biological clock; in women who drank moderate to high levels of alcohol during pregnancy and in children who had been exposed to those levels of alcohol in the womb. 


Heavy drinking is described as four or more drinks on at least five occasions in a month whereas moderate drinking in women is about three drinks per occasion. 


Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders can include physical or intellectual disabilities as well as behavioural and learning problems. While there is no cure, early intervention treatment services can improve a child's development, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 


The study also found that infants exposed to alcohol in the womb - which passes from the mother's blood through the umbilical cord - had increased levels of cortisol, a potentially harmful stress hormone that can suppress the immune system and lead to ongoing health issues.

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New mothers' baby blues caused by disruptions in the body's stress-response system

The baby blues can be caused by a disruption in a new mother's stress-response system, a new study revealed.

Researchers found that a lack of a protein in the brain affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which controls how we respond to stress, leaving a new mother susceptible to postpartum depression.

Postpartum depression can hit a fifth of all new mothers causing anxiety, severe fatigue, inability to bond with their children and suicidal thoughts which have been linked to developmental difficulties their children.

The findings delve into the causes of the neurological changes that affect one in nine new mothers and open doors to other stress and anxiety-related disorders.

During and after pregnancy a woman's 'fight or flight' stress mechanism is normally weakened, helping to insulate developing offspring.

Now researchers  believe that the imbalance of the HPA axis plays a significant role in postpartum depression.

Researchers conducted a study on mice to find the connections between postpartum depression and a deficit of the brain protein, KCC2.

The study investigated the specific role of the protein in regulating the HPA axis during and after pregnancy in mice.

A Dr. said: 'Using a mouse model that we developed, our new study provides the first empirical evidence supporting the clinical observations of HPA axis dysfunction in patients with postpartum depression and shows for the first time that dysregulation of the HPA axis and a specific protein in the brain, KCC2, can be enough to induce postpartum depression-like behaviors and deficits in maternal care.' 

Prior research has not directly demonstrated a role for corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), the main driver of the stress response. 

The results published  show that KCC2 helps regulate the corticotropin hormone. 

 

First author said: 'Pregnancy obviously involves great changes to a woman's body, but we're only now beginning to understand the significant unseen adaptations occurring at the neurochemical and circuitry level that may be important to maintaining mental health and maternal behavior in the first few weeks to months following delivery.'

Postpartum depression is depression that occurs in mothers after giving birth with symptoms including insomnia, loss of appetite, intense irritability and difficulty bonding with the baby.

It is the most-common complication of bearing a child, affecting one in nine women.  

'By uncovering the role for stability of KCC2 in the regulation of CRH neurons, the postpartum stress axis, and maternal behaviour, we hope we have identified a potential molecular target for the development of a new class of compounds that are more effective for women suffering from postpartum depression and anxiety,' said the Dr.

However she does not believe that the HPA axis dysfunction is the only pathological mechanism at work.

She added: 'The mechanisms underlying one woman's postpartum depression may differ from another's.'

The Dr.  said: 'There is much more we need to learn, but we believe our model will be useful for testing novel therapeutic compounds for postpartum depression.

'Such studies could also be relevant to other conditions in which KCC2 deficits are implicated, such as epilepsy, chronic pain and autism, and to other stress and anxiety related disorders.' 

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