Common maternal mental health disorders to watch out for

Common maternal mental health disorders to watch out for

Pregnancy and motherhood are two of the most beautiful blessings in a woman's life. From experiencing the joy of giving birth to nurturing a human life and soul, mothers get to live through it all. However, there are many challenges that come their way. As blissful as it may seem, sometimes, the journey from conception to postnatal care is bumpy and may sometimes take a toll on a mother's mental well-being.

Maternal Mental Health (MMH) disorders have been prevalent amongst mothers, especially new mothers, leading to symptoms like anxiety, depression and even psychosis. When left untreated and unaddressed, it may impact the mother, the baby and the family as a whole. That said, here are some of the most common mental health disorders in mothers to watch out for.

Postpartum depression

Pregnancy and postpartum depression is a mood disorder that occurs in women during or immediately after pregnancy. While it is prevalent, maternal depression is treatable. In order to help you identify it, here are some symptoms.

- Mild sadness

- Difficulty in concentrating

- Unable to find joy in the simple pleasures of life

- Finding it difficult to connect and bond with the baby

Those who have dealt with depression in the past are more prone to postpartum depression. Often PPD has been associated with a drop in the hormones estrogen and progesterone following childbirth.

Dysthymia or Persistent Depressive Disorder

Dysthymia is a mood disorder that persists for at least two years. Hence, it is also known as Persistent Depressive Disorder. Symptoms include loss of interest in daily activities, a sense of hopelessness and the feeling of being incompetent. Women who have a history of Dysthymia are more at risk of developing this condition.

Pregnancy and Postpartum General Anxiety

Pregnancy can be stressful. It can make you anxious and worried about everything that's yet to come. However, being nervous and anxious is absolutely natural UNTIL they persist for a longer period of time. If your anxiety and stress decide to stay a bit longer and it becomes difficult to get rid of them, then you're probably dealing with Pregnancy and Postpartum General Anxiety. If it is so, then you may feel restless, experience heart palpitations, suffer from insomnia and extreme worry. That said, do not ignore the signs and meet with the concerned specialist.

Pregnancy and Postpartum OCD

Pregnancy and Postpartum OCD or Maternal Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) impacts 3 to 5 percent of women. Half of the women dealing with postpartum OCD have unfavourable thoughts about harming their baby. OCD is defined as an obsession i.e. the urge to do something over and over again (compulsions) and includes intrusive thoughts.

The baby blues

According to experts, up to 80 percent of women will experience the “baby blues” after giving birth.

The "Baby blues" may be accompanied with a feeling of sadness, mood swings and sudden episodes of crying. Since the symptoms are mild and often wear off in a day or two, baby blues are not formally considered an MMHD. However, if the symptoms persist for over two weeks, then it may be a case of depression. Do not hesitate to visit a specialist.

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New mothers' baby blues caused by disruptions in the body's stress-response system

The baby blues can be caused by a disruption in a new mother's stress-response system, a new study revealed.

Researchers found that a lack of a protein in the brain affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which controls how we respond to stress, leaving a new mother susceptible to postpartum depression.

Postpartum depression can hit a fifth of all new mothers causing anxiety, severe fatigue, inability to bond with their children and suicidal thoughts which have been linked to developmental difficulties their children.

The findings delve into the causes of the neurological changes that affect one in nine new mothers and open doors to other stress and anxiety-related disorders.

During and after pregnancy a woman's 'fight or flight' stress mechanism is normally weakened, helping to insulate developing offspring.

Now researchers  believe that the imbalance of the HPA axis plays a significant role in postpartum depression.

Researchers conducted a study on mice to find the connections between postpartum depression and a deficit of the brain protein, KCC2.

The study investigated the specific role of the protein in regulating the HPA axis during and after pregnancy in mice.

A Dr. said: 'Using a mouse model that we developed, our new study provides the first empirical evidence supporting the clinical observations of HPA axis dysfunction in patients with postpartum depression and shows for the first time that dysregulation of the HPA axis and a specific protein in the brain, KCC2, can be enough to induce postpartum depression-like behaviors and deficits in maternal care.' 

Prior research has not directly demonstrated a role for corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), the main driver of the stress response. 

The results published  show that KCC2 helps regulate the corticotropin hormone. 

 

First author said: 'Pregnancy obviously involves great changes to a woman's body, but we're only now beginning to understand the significant unseen adaptations occurring at the neurochemical and circuitry level that may be important to maintaining mental health and maternal behavior in the first few weeks to months following delivery.'

Postpartum depression is depression that occurs in mothers after giving birth with symptoms including insomnia, loss of appetite, intense irritability and difficulty bonding with the baby.

It is the most-common complication of bearing a child, affecting one in nine women.  

'By uncovering the role for stability of KCC2 in the regulation of CRH neurons, the postpartum stress axis, and maternal behaviour, we hope we have identified a potential molecular target for the development of a new class of compounds that are more effective for women suffering from postpartum depression and anxiety,' said the Dr.

However she does not believe that the HPA axis dysfunction is the only pathological mechanism at work.

She added: 'The mechanisms underlying one woman's postpartum depression may differ from another's.'

The Dr.  said: 'There is much more we need to learn, but we believe our model will be useful for testing novel therapeutic compounds for postpartum depression.

'Such studies could also be relevant to other conditions in which KCC2 deficits are implicated, such as epilepsy, chronic pain and autism, and to other stress and anxiety related disorders.' 

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