Toxin in centipede venom identified

A team of researchers from several institutions  have identified the toxin in golden head centipede venom. In their paper published, the group describes how they found the toxin that makes the venom so deadly to prey and also identified a possible antidote for it.

Researchers have known for quite some time that golden head centipedes (aka the Chinese red-headed centipede), which live in Asia and Hawaii are able to subdue prey larger than its own size, in some cases, much larger—testing in a lab showed a centipede was able to take down a mouse, a creature 15 times its size. Until now, it was not known what was in the venom that made it so powerful. In this new effort, the researchers report that they have isolated the toxin in the venom, which they call Ssm Spooky Toxin—the Ssm comes from the scientific name of the centipede, Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans. The team found the toxin by testing the chemicals in the venom one by one—a laborious process. The toxin works, the team reports, by blocking potassium from moving in and out of cells. Such blockage prevents the brain from signaling the heart to beat, and the animal dies very quickly. Potassium movement is also important for cells in airways, which means the victim of a bite also starts having problems breathing.

When people are bitten by a golden head centipede, they experience a lot of pain, so much that many take themselves to a hospital for relief. It is actually quite common—in Hawaii, the researchers note, centipede bites accounted for approximately 1 in 10 emergency room visits due to natural causes over the years 2004 to 2008 (averaging approximately 400 a year). Deaths from such bites are rare, however.

Prior research has shown that a drug called retigabine is able to reestablish potassium channels—it is normally used as an anticonvulsant medicine for epilepsy patients. In this case, it might be used instead as an antidote for people bitten by the centipede.

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A team of researchers from several institutions in China has identified the toxin in golden head centipede venom. In their paper published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the group describes how they found the toxin that makes the venom so deadly to prey and also identified a possible antidote for it.

Researchers have known for quite some time that golden head centipedes (aka the Chinese red-headed centipede), which live in Asia and Hawaii are able to subdue prey larger than its own size, in some cases, much larger—testing in a lab showed a centipede was able to take down a mouse, a creature 15 times its size. Until now, it was not known what was in the venom that made it so powerful. In this new effort, the researchers report that they have isolated the toxin in the venom, which they call Ssm Spooky Toxin—the Ssm comes from the scientific name of the centipede, Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans. The team found the toxin by testing the chemicals in the venom one by one—a laborious process. The toxin works, the team reports, by blocking potassium from moving in and out of cells. Such blockage prevents the brain from signaling the heart to beat, and the animal dies very quickly. Potassium movement is also important for cells in airways, which means the victim of a bite also starts having problems breathing.
When people are bitten by a golden head centipede, they experience a lot of pain, so much that many take themselves to a hospital for relief. It is actually quite common—in Hawaii, the researchers note, centipede bites accounted for approximately 1 in 10 emergency room visits due to natural causes over the years 2004 to 2008 (averaging approximately 400 a year). Deaths from such bites are rare, however.
Prior research has shown that a drug called retigabine is able to reestablish potassium channels—it is normally used as an anticonvulsant medicine for epilepsy patients. In this case, it might be used instead as an antidote for people bitten by the centipede.


Read more at: https://phys.org/news/2018-01-toxin-centipede-venom.html#jCp

New drug may reduce skin cancer spread by 90 per cent

Scientists have developed a new compound that reduces the spread of melanoma cells by up to 90 per cent, an advance that may pave the way for a potential new drug to fight the deadly skin cancer.
The man-made, small-molecule drug compound goes after a genes ability to produce RNA molecules and certain proteins in melanoma tumors. 

This gene activity, or transcription process, causes the disease to spread but the compound can shut it down. Up until now, few other compounds of this kind have been able to accomplish this. 

"Its been a challenge developing small-molecule drugs that can block this gene activity that works as a signaling mechanism known to be important in melanoma progression," said Richard Neubig, professor at Michigan State University (MSU) in the US.
"Our chemical compound is actually the same one that weve been working on to potentially treat the disease scleroderma, which now we've found works effectively on this type of cancer," said Neubig.
Scleroderma is a rare and often fatal autoimmune disease that causes the hardening of skin tissue, as well as organs such as the lungs, heart and kidneys. 

The same mechanisms that produce fibrosis, or skin thickening, in scleroderma also contribute to the spread of cancer.
The findings are an early discovery that could be highly effective in battling the deadly skin cancer. It is estimated about 10,000 people die each year from the disease. 

"Melanoma is the most dangerous form of skin cancer with around 76,000 new cases a year in the US," said Kate Appleton, a postdoctoral student at MSU. 

"One reason the disease is so fatal is that it can spread throughout the body very quickly and attack distant organs such as the brain and lungs," said Appleton. 

Researchers found that the compounds were able to stop proteins, known as Myocardin-related transcription factors, or MRTFs, from initiating the gene transcription process in melanoma cells.
These triggering proteins are initially turned on by another protein called RhoC (Ras homology C) which is found in a signaling pathway that can cause the disease to aggressively spread in the body. 

The compound reduced the migration of melanoma cells by 85 to 90 per cent. The team also discovered that the potential drug greatly reduced tumors specifically in the lungs of mice that had been injected with human melanoma cells. 

"We used intact melanoma cells to screen for our chemical inhibitors. This allowed us to find compounds that could block anywhere along this RhoC pathway," Neubig said. 

Being able to block along this entire path allowed the researchers to find the MRTF signaling protein as a new target. 

Appleton said figuring out which patients have this pathway turned on is an important next step in the development of their compound because it would help them determine which patients would benefit the most.

 

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