Silent Heart Attack: Warning Signs and Treatment

A heart attack is mostly imagined as a dramatic event. Sharp pains in the chest, shortness of breath, sometimes even falling to the ground. However, that is not always the case. According to a recent study published in Circulation journal, an astounding 45% of heart attacks are defined as silent ones, or silent myocardial infarctions (SMIs). That means that the symptoms of these heart attacks are so mild that they’re often dismissed as something else. Experiencing a heart attack without realizing it and getting the appropriate treatment is, of course, very dangerous. Here’s how you can recognize a silent heart attack and react accordingly.

What Is a Silent Heart Attack?
Both silent and traditional heart attacks occur when the heart does not get a sufficient supply of oxygen-rich blood. The reason that might happen is usually ischemic heart disease, which is a condition where a waxy substance called plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries. The plaque creates the blockage, which prevents the blood from reaching the heart muscle. Blood flow must be restored quickly, otherwise, that section of the heart begins to die.

Although the symptoms of a silent heart attack are not severe and can often go unnoticed, it is just as serious as a traditional heart attack!

What Are the Symptoms?
The sensations you want to look out for include varying degrees of fatigue, heartburn, shortness of breath and discomfort in the chest, back, or jaw. The symptoms are similar to those of a traditional heart attack, but lack the extreme pressure on the chest, stabbing pain in the arm, neck and/or jaw, sweating, and dizziness. They can be so mild and brief that they are often confused with ordinary irritations, like indigestion, heartburn or even just the result of a challenging workout. 

The risk factors for both kinds of heart attacks are pretty much the same – a family history of heart attacks, older age, smoking, insufficient exercise, obesity, and conditions like high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes. It is also worth noting that the study has concluded that both classic and silent heart attacks are more common in men than women. Despite that, women have higher mortality rates due to this medical condition. 

So How Can You Recognize a Silent Heart Attack?
The lasting effect of a silent heart attack will show up on an electrocardiogram (EKG) – which will reveal the damage caused to the heart. 

If you have a suspicion concerning an SMI, it is best to consult your doctor about undergoing such a screening. Do not brush those symptoms aside. Many people who experience a silent heart attack don’t seek immediate care because of a lack of awareness, which combined with the scarring damage SMI causes the heart, increases the risk of a second, potentially more harmful heart attack.  

A Silent heart attack is a way the body uses to signal you there is an underlying medical condition that needs your attention, so don't ignore your body's call for help and seek diagnosis and treatment.

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AI helps identify new breast cancer types

Using artificial intelligence (AI), researchers have distinguished five types of breast cancer, which were earlier lumped into one. Researchers applied AI and machine learning (ML) to gene sequences and molecular data from breast tumours, to reveal crucial differences among these cancer types.

According to researchers, two of them are more likely to respond to immunotherapy, one was more likely to relapse on tamoxifen. “We are at the cusp of a revolution in healthcare as we get to grips with the possibilities AI and ML can open up,” said study leader author .

“Our study has shown that AI can recognise patterns in breast cancer that are beyond the limit of the human eye, and to point us to new avenues of treatment among those who have stopped responding to standard hormone therapies,” the researcher said.

The majority of breast cancers develop in the inner cells that line the mammary ducts and are “fed” by oestrogen or progesterone. These are classed as ‘luminal A’ tumours and often have the best cure rates.

However, patients within the group respond differently to standard treatments, like tamoxifen, or new treatments — needed if patients relapse — such as immunotherapy.

The researchers applied the AI-trained computer software to a vast array of data available on the genetics, molecular and cellular make-up of primary ‘luminal A’ breast tumours, along with data on patient survival.

Once trained, the AI was able to identify five different types of disease with particular patterns of response to treatment.

Women with a cancer type labelled ‘inflammatory’ had immune cells present in their tumours and high levels of a protein called PD-L1, suggesting they were likely to respond to immunotherapies.

Another group of patients had ‘triple negative’ tumours, which don’t respond to standard hormone treatments but various indicators suggest they might also respond to immunotherapy.

Patients with tumours that contained a specific change in chromosome 8 had worse survival than other groups when treated with tamoxifen and tended to relapse much earlier. These patients may benefit from an additional or new treatment to delay or prevent late relapse.

The markers identified in the study don’t challenge the overall classification of breast cancer, but find additional differences within the current sub-divisions of the disease, with important implications for treatment.

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