Reaction to traumatic events can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder

While trauma in itself can pose risk to a child's healthy development, over thinking on such events makes the kid more prone to suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), says a recent study.

If they think their reaction to traumatic events is not normal, they become more likely to develop PTSD, the study published in a Journal  has found. Children begin down this route when they have trouble processing their trauma and perceive their symptoms as being a sign that something is seriously wrong.

While most children recover well after a traumatic event, some go on to develop PTSD that may stay with them for months, years, or even into adulthood. Lead researcher  said: "Symptoms of PTSD can be a common reaction to trauma in children and teenagers. These can include distressing symptoms like intrusive memories, nightmares, and flashbacks."

"Many children who experience a severe traumatic stress response initially can go on to make a natural recovery without any professional support. But a minority go on to have persistent PTSD, which can carry on for much longer," he said.

Researchers worked with over 200 children aged between eight and 17 who had attended a hospital emergency department following a one-off traumatic incident. These included events such as car crashes, assaults, dog attacks, and other medical emergencies. These young people were interviewed and assessed for PTSD between two and four weeks following their trauma, and again after two months.

The team split the children's reactions into three groups - a 'resilient' group who did not develop clinically significant traumatic stress symptoms at either time point, a 'recovery' group who initially displayed symptoms but none at the two months follow up, and a 'persistent' group who had significant symptoms at both time points.

They also examined whether social support and talking about the trauma with friends or family may be protective against persistent problems after two months. They also took into account factors including other life stressors and whether the child was experiencing on-going pain.

"We found that PTSD symptoms are fairly common early on, for example between two and four weeks following a trauma. These initial reactions are driven by high levels of fear and confusion during the trauma," said the researcher.

"But the majority of children and young people recovered naturally without any intervention. Interestingly, the severity of physical injuries did not predict PTSD, nor did other life stressors, the amount of social support they could rely on, or self-blame," he added.

"The young people who didn't recover well, and who were heading down a chronic PTSD track two months after their trauma, were much more likely to be thinking negatively about their trauma and their reactions - they were ruminating about what happened to them," he explained.

According to him, kids perceived their symptoms as being a sign that something was seriously and permanently wrong with them, they didn't trust other people as much, and they thought they couldn't cope.

In many cases, more deliberate attempts to process the trauma, for example, trying to think it through or talk it through with friends and family, were actually associated with worse PTSD. The children who didn't recover well were those that reported spending a lot of time trying to make sense of their trauma. While some efforts to make sense of trauma might make sense, it seems that it is also possible for children to get 'stuck' and spend too long focusing on what happened and why.

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Good news for burn victims, artificial skin could help them 'feel'

A research paper now suggests that a new type of sensor could lead to artificial skin that someday helps burn victims 'feel' and safeguards others. According to the study, the skin's ability to perceive pressure, heat, cold, and vibration is a critical safety function that most people take for granted. But burn victims, those with prosthetic limbs, and others who have lost skin sensitivity for one reason or another, can't take it for granted, and often injure themselves unintentionally.

Researchers wanted to create a sensor that can mimic the sensing properties of skin. Such a sensor would need to be able to detect pressure, temperature, and vibration. But perhaps it could do other things too, the researchers thought.

Speaking about it, he said: "It would be very cool if it had abilities human skin does not; for example, the ability to detect magnetic fields, sound waves, and abnormal behaviours."

Researchers created such a sensor with a silicone tube wrapped in copper wire and filled with a special fluid made of tiny particles of iron oxide just one billionth of a meter long, called nanoparticles.

The nanoparticles rub around the inside of the silicone tube and create an electric current. The copper wire surrounding the silicone tube picks up the current as a signal. When this tube is bumped by something experiencing pressure, the nanoparticles move and the electric signal changes. Sound waves also create waves in the nanoparticle fluid and the electric signal changes in a different way than when the tube is bumped.

The researchers found that magnetic fields alter the signal too, in a way distinct from pressure or sound waves. Even a person moving around while carrying the sensor changes the electrical current, and the team found they could distinguish between the electrical signals caused by walking, running, jumping, and swimming.

Researchers hope it could help burn victims "feel" again, and perhaps act as an early warning for workers exposed to dangerously high magnetic fields. Because the rubber exterior is completely sealed and waterproof, it could also serve as a wearable monitor to alert parents if their child fell into deep water in a pool, for example.

He said, "The inspiration was to make something durable that would last for a very long time, and could detect multiple hazards."The team has yet to test the sensor for its response to heat and cold, but they suspect it will work for those as well. The next step is to make the sensor in a flat configuration, more like skin, and see if it still works.

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Pain perception linked to grey matter in brain

Researchers at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Centre in North Carolina in the US have shown that how intensely people perceive pain is related to the structure of the brain.

Why is that some people fear piercing of a needle while others even brave complex surgeries with a smiling face.

Scientists now have an answer. According to them, the secret lies in the amount of grey matter in the brain.

Researchers at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Centre in North Carolina in the US have shown that how intensely people perceive pain is related to the structure of the brain.

"We found that individual differences in the amount of grey matter in certain regions of the brain are related to how sensitive different people are to pain," said Robert Coghill, professor of neurobiology and anatomy at Wake Forest Baptist.

Conducting the study on 116 healthy volunteers, the researchers heated a small spot of skin on their arm or leg to 120 degrees Fahrenheit and tested their pain sensitivity.

The scientists then recorded the images of the volunteers' brain structure with the help of MRI scanning, said the study published in the journal Pain.

"Subjects with higher pain intensity ratings had less grey matter in brain regions that contribute to internal thoughts and control of attention," said Nichole Emerson, a graduate student in the Coghill lab and first author of the study.

These regions include the posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus and areas of the posterior parietal cortex, she said.

Areas of the posterior parietal cortex play an important role in attention. Individuals who can best keep their attention focused may also be best at keeping pain under control, Coghill said.

The brain is made up of both grey and white matter. Grey matter processes information much like a computer, while white matter coordinates communications between the different regions of the brain.

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