Any Amount of Alcohol During Pregnancy Can Affect Baby

A new review has revealed that consuming alcohol at any point during pregnancy can lead to poorer brain function in newborns.

The study, ‘Evidence of detrimental effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on offspring birth weight and neurodevelopment from a systematic review of quasi experimental studies’ was published in the International Journal of Epidemiology.

Researchers at the University of Bristol compared 23 published studies on drinking during pregnancy and analyzed them in the review.

It was found that drinking alcohol in any trimester can affect the baby, in many cases leading to lower birth weight and poorer cognitive functioning.

According to a report by Daily Mail, the group tried to compare similar groups of people, who were only different in terms of exposure to alcohol during pregnancy. In earlier studies, research was conducted through ‘observational’ studies only, where participants were already exposed to a risk factor and researchers did not alter this.

Hence, this was the first time that results from different study designs were compared in relation to the effects of drinking alcohol during pregnancy.

Speaking to Daily Mail, study lead Dr Luisa Zuccolo, from the University of Bristol, said that their work confirmed the current scientific consensus which says “consuming alcohol during pregnancy can affect one's child's cognitive abilities later in life, including their education”.

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Milk consumption can pevent chronic diseases

 While milk has long been a healthy drink for everyone, a new study reveals that it also prevents chronic diseases. For example, there is a positive link between the moderate intake of milk during pregnancy and birth weight, length, and bone mineral content during childhood. In addition, a daily intake of milk and dairy products in elderly people may reduce the risk of frailty and sarcopenia.

The following study reviewed global scientific literature on the role of dairy products in health and in the prevention of chronic diseases including cardiovascular, metabolic syndrome, colon or bladder cancer, and type-2 diabetes.
 
It also examined the effects of milk and dairy products on the growth, bone mineral density, generation of muscle mass, and during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Milk and dairy products not only contain multiple nutrients but also contribute to meeting the nutritional requirements for protein, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, selenium, vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin B12, and pantothenic acid.

In the following study, researchers also found that a higher intake of dairy products depicted an association with decreased vertebral fracture risk. However, in the analysis of the differences between high vs low consumption of dairy products, no association was identified between dairy product consumption and increased risk of mortality.

The total intake of low-fat dairy products was associated with a reduced risk of metabolic syndrome, supporting the view that the consumption of dairy products does not increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and could have a slightly protective effect.

It has also been shown that moderate consumption of this food group is associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer and bladder cancer, while no associations were found for prostate cancer.

To the contrary, the study suggested that the consumption of such products, especially low-fat dairy and yogurt, may be associated with a lower risk of type-2 diabetes. Fortification of dairy products with phytosterols and omega-3 fatty acids appears to constitute a suitable strategy for improving cardiometabolic risk biomarkers.

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Birthweight, height can predict infant's future health

One’s future health can be predicted as early as they are born! A new study highlighted that an infant’s birth weight and height together can help in telling doctors if the baby is born with a heightened risk of heart issues later in life.

Birth weight, tells about the fetal growth, while height gives a more complete picture of both fetal growth and growth trajectory, said a neonatologist.

Measures called ponderal index, or PI, as well as the more widely used body mass index, or BMI, which both account for height and weight, are known to provide a more accurate indication of fetal growth and what’s ahead for the child. The findings of the study indicated that a low PI or low BMI at birth should be considered as a risk that needs attention and intervention.

“When you look at birth weight alone, you are looking at a measure at a single point in time, which is a big problem when it comes to projecting out,” said the Dr. It’s known that perinatal growth which is affected by numerous factors from genetics to environmental ones like the mother’s health and habits like smoking, nutrition, and gestational diabetes, has important implications for heart development, and animal and human studies have associated low birth weight with heart problems and death.

For this study, they looked at 379 healthy black and white adolescents aged between14-18. Parents provided their children’s birth weight and length, which were used by investigators to calculate a BMI and PI.

The group showed that a low PI, where increases in height and weight are out of sync during development, was most associated with an increase in the size of the major pumping chamber of the heart, the left ventricle, which is considered a risk for future cardiovascular disease.

Two-dimensional echo-cardiography was used to non-invasively look at the children’s left ventricle for telltale indicators of hypertrophy like thickening of the walls and less blood being pumped out.

Then they studied the relationships between birth weight and birth BMI and PI and the structure and function of the left ventricle in the children.

The Dr. noted that at the time of this study, about 25 per cent of the adolescents had obesity or were overweight and most were on an upward trajectory with their BMI, which is not good.

Children with an upward trajectory had about a 30% likelihood they would become obese compared to those with a downward trajectory, who showed a 5% likelihood. There was also about a 40 per cent increase in visceral adiposity, fat around the belly and the organs inside the abdominal cavity, which is considered particularly unhealthy in adolescents with the upward versus downward BMI trajectory.

This study found that a low PI had the highest association with risk factors for heart problems, but the more widely used BMI is also a good tool, researchers noted. “We believe our findings are a call to paediatricians to be even more diligent in measuring and noting birth weight and length parameters,” the Dr. pointed.

This very early measure of height and weight can provide lifelong insight into an individual’s risk of heart and other diseases, he added.

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Both mother and baby genes affect birth weight

Recent findings have discovered links between genetic code and birth weight of human beings, which explains how mothers' and babies' genes influences birth weight. 

Scientists have long known that babies who are particularly small at birth have a higher risk of birth complication, and also tend to be more prone than average weight babies to high blood pressure in adulthood.

As part of the study, the researchers looked at genetic information from 230,069 mothers, with the birth weight of one child each, in addition to genetic information and birth weights of 321,223 people across the UK Biobank and the Early Growth Genetics consortium cohorts.

A child inherits half their genes from their mother and a half from their father, and the child's own resulting genetic make-up plays a role in birth weight. The paper reveals the complex balance of how both the mothers' genes and the baby's genes can influence the baby's growth.

The researchers concluded that the direct effects of a baby's genes made a substantial contribution to birth weight. However, around 1/4 of the genetic effects identified were from the mother's genes that were not passed on to the child. Instead, these affected the baby's growth by influencing factors in the baby's environment during pregnancy, such as the amount of glucose available.

The study found that some parts of the genetic code can be linked to birth weight both directly from the child and indirectly from the mother. A number of these were seen to work together, with the mother and baby effects pushing birth weight in the same direction, while others had opposing effects, like a mother-baby tug of war.

For e.g., some of the genetic effects that raise the mother's glucose levels work to make the baby bigger because the baby produces more insulin in response which makes it grow. But when these same variations in the genetic code are inherited by the child, they restrict the amount of insulin the baby can produce, so limiting its growth and counter-acting some of the mother's growth-promoting effects.

This is the first time we've really been able to unpick the effects of both mother and baby's genes on baby weight, which is an important health indicator. It's particularly useful to know about the maternal genetic influences on the environment in the womb because these give us clues as to which factors are casual. Better understanding of the causes may mean we can help ensure babies are born at healthy weights, said one of the authors.

According to the researchers, this study highlights the value of large-scale international research collaborations.

The research involved more than 200 international researchers from 20 countries who are members of the Early Growth Genetics (EGG) Consortium.

THIS IS ONLY FOR INFORMATION, ALWAYS CONSULT YOU PHYSICIAN BEFORE HAVING ANY PARTICULAR FOOD/ MEDICATION/EXERCISE/OTHER REMEDIES.                                    PS- THOSE INTERESTED IN RECIPES ARE FREE TO  VIEW MY BLOG-                                                                                           https://gseasyrecipes.blogspot.com/    

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