Estrogens hormones in pregnant women increases autism risk

High levels of estrogen hormones in the womb could increase the risk of a foetus developing autism later, suggests a study. 

In 2015, a team of scientists measured the levels of four prenatal steroid hormones, including, 2 known as androgens, in the amniotic fluid in the womb and discovered that they;re higher in male fetuses who later developed autism.

Same scientists have built on their previous findings by testing the amniotic fluid samples from 98 individuals , but this time looking at another set of prenatal sex steroid hormones called estrogens. This is an important next step because some of the hormones previously studied are directly converted into estrogens.

All 4 estrogens were significantly elevated, on average, in the 98 fetuses, who later developed autism, compared to the 177 fetuses who did not. High levels of prenatal estrogens were even more predictive of the likelihood of autism than were high levels of prenatal androgens ( such as testosterone).

The lead researcher said, this new finding supports the idea that increased prenatal sex steroid hormones are one of the potential causes for the condition. Genetics is well established as another, and these hormones likely interact with genetic factors to affect the developing foetal brain.

These elevated hormones could be coming from the mother, the baby or the placenta. Our next step should be to study all these possible sources and how they interact during pregnancy, said one of the researchers.

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High levels of estrogens hormones in the womb could increase the risk of a foetus developing autism later, suggests a study. The study was published in the journal 'Molecular Psychiatry'. In 2015, a team of scientists measured the levels of four prenatal steroid hormones, including two known as androgens, in the amniotic fluid in the womb and discovered that they were higher in male foetuses who later developed autism. https://thehansindia.com/life-style/health/estrogens-hormones-in-pregnant-women-increases-autism-risk-550709

https://thehansindia.com/life-style/health/estrogens-hormones-in-pregnant-women-increases-autism-risk-550709

High levels of oestrogen in the womb linked to autism

Researchers have identified a link between exposure to high levels of estrogen sex hormones in the womb and the likelihood of developing autism.

Published in the journal Molecular Psychiatry, the discovery adds further evidence to support the prenatal sex steroid theory of autism first proposed 20 years ago.

 

In 2015, the researchers measured the levels of four prenatal steroid hormones, including two known as androgens, in the amniotic fluid in the womb and discovered that they were higher in male fetuses who later developed autism. 

 

These androgens are produced in higher quantities in male than in female foetuses on average, so might also explain why autism occurs more often in boys. They are also known to masculinise parts of the brain and to have effects on the number of connections between brain cells.

 

"This new finding supports the idea that increased prenatal sex steroid hormones are one of the potential causes for the condition. Genetics is well established as another, and these hormones likely interact with genetic factors to affect the developing foetal brain," said the study lead author.

 

Now, the same scientists have built on their previous findings by testing the amniotic fluid samples from the same 98 individuals sampled from the Danish Biobank, which has collected amniotic samples from over 100,000 pregnancies, but this time looking at another set of prenatal sex steroid hormones called estrogen. 

 

This is an important next step because some of the hormones previously studied are directly converted into estrogens. All four estrogen were significantly elevated, on average, in the 98 fetuses who later developed autism, compared to the 177 fetuses who did not.

 

High levels of prenatal estrogen were even more predictive of the likelihood of autism than were high levels of prenatal androgens (such as testosterone). 

 

Contrary to popular belief that associates estrogen with feminisation, prenatal estrogen have effects on brain growth and also masculinise the brain in many mammals.

 

"This finding is exciting because the role of estrogen in autism has hardly been studied and we hope that we can learn more about how they contribute to foetal brain development in further experiments. We still need to see whether the same result holds in autistic females," said one of the researchers.

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'Cell therapy may replace need for kidney transplants'

Regenerating damaged tissues using therapeutic cells may prove to be a promising new approach to treat chronic kidney disease, scientists say.

Researchers found that harnessing the unique properties of human amniotic fluid-derived stem cells could potentially help recover organ function in a pre-clinical model of kidney disease. 

"Our results indicate that this type of stem cell could be used as an off the shelf universal cell source and may provide an alternative therapeutic strategy for patients suffering from this chronic and debilitating disease," said a Prof.


Amniotic fluid-derived stem cells can be used as a universal cell source because they have the ability to become different cell types as well as the ability to be anti-inflammatory, making them a potential source for regeneration.

Unlike pluripotent and adult stem cells, amniotic fluid-derived stem cells are not as likely to provoke an immune system response.

Their use does not lead to risks of tumours or ethical concerns, as with embryonic stem cells, researchers said.

The study found that amniotic fluid stem cells injected into a diseased kidney in a pre-clinical model led to improvement of kidney function based on measured waste levels after 10 weeks.

Biopsy findings showed reduced damage to the cluster of capillaries where waste products are filtered from the blood.

"Our studies demonstrate that treatment with amniotic fluid stem cells had positive effects on functional improvement and structural recovery of the kidney," said  a researcher that CKD is a worldwide public health problem and can manifest in acute and chronic symptoms.

Transplantation is the only definitive treatment method that restores kidney function, but has its own challenges with rejection and life-long immunosuppression.

There also are not enough donor organs to meet demand.

"It remains to be seen whether injecting more cells or more efficient engraftment of the infused cells enhances improvement of organ function," said a research fellow.

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8 causes of preterm labour you ought to know

A full term pregnancy is usually considered to be around 39 weeks or 40 weeks of gestation. If the labour pains start anytime soon or before the 37th week of pregnancy, it is termed as a preterm labour or premature labour. Often a preterm labour leads to early childbirth or premature delivery. However, in some rare cases, with adequate medical assistance and proper treatment, the symptoms of preterm labour can be countered for the delivery to happen on the expected date too.

‘In almost 50 per cent of preterm labour and delivery the exact reason for the same cannot be identified. Still there are a few parameters that can serve to be the warning signs or probable causes for the same,’ says a consultant obstetrician and gynecologist, SDD Hospital, Navi Mumbai. Here are a few probable causes that could lead to preterm labour.

Chorioamnionitis
This is a condition where the fetal membranes of the uterus get inflamed due to bacterial invasion. Vaginal infection during pregnancy is common, but there are times when the bacteria from the vagina can reach the uterus and disrupt the normalcy of the womb. ‘This condition is one of the most common causes of preterm labour that in most cases leads to premature birth of the baby,’ informs a Dr.

Infections
With low immunity during pregnancy, infections are a common occurrence and a threat to a healthy pregnancy. This is because when a woman acquires an infection there are certain substances that are released in the body that initiates contraction of the uterus and leads to preterm labour. The most common form of infections that leads to the same are as follows,

• Urinary tract infection: Now a urinary tract infection can happen at any place in the urinary tract that starts from the kidneys and ends in the urethra, a short tube that carries the urine out of the body. ‘An UTI infection has the strongest association with preterm labour and premature delivery,’ says Dr Sinha. Here are more signs and symptoms that could imply you are in labour.
• Vaginal infections: There can be a number of causes that could give rise to a vaginal infection during pregnancy that in turn can give rise to symptoms of preterm labour. Some of the common vaginal infections that are thought to be responsible for the same are trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, streptococcal infection, Chlamydia.

Placental abnormalities:
Placental abnormalities are also thought to be a probable cause of preterm labour. Some common problems of the placenta that could lead to preterm labour are as follows,

• Low lying placenta: If an expectant mother is diagnosed with a low-lying placenta or placenta previa, it is said that she might run a higher risk of experiencing early labour. However, in most cases if the condition is detected early it can be managed effectively and lead to a timely delivery.
• Placenta abruption: In this condition the placenta separates itself from the wall of the uterus before completing the required period of gestation and induces early labour. This is a serious medical condition which can lead to vaginal bleeding and might necessitate an emergency C-section. However, in some cases proper bed rest and treatment can help one cope and deliver on the expected due date too.

Cervical incompetence
At times, one’s cervix or the opening of the uterus might dilate before the baby turns full-term. This happens when a woman suffers from cervical incompetence. Usually an ultrasound during the early days of pregnancy can detect the condition. If neglected premature dilation can lead to breaking of the water bag and lead to premature delivery. 

Multiple pregnancies
Mothers carrying twins or triplets are at a higher risk of delivering prematurely because the extra weight of the fetuses exert excess pressure on the uterus that lead to preterm labour before the pregnancy reaches its full-term.

Excess amniotic fluid
When in the womb, the baby floats in the amniotic fluid which protects and nurtures the fetus. But too much or too less of the same can lead to labour complications. Excess amniotic fluid in the womb can at times lead to over-distention of the womb and set contractions early. Most of the time with this kind of condition there is an increased association of birth defects in the prematurely born baby.  

Lifestyle conditions
Maternal health is of utmost importance to ensure a healthy pregnancy and optimal fetal health. However, certain lifestyle conditions suffered by the mother like chronic hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, severe anemia can lead to preterm labour. In most cases, conditions can be controlled to avoid any unfortunate events related to labour. Apart from that, continuous smoking and regular intake of alcohol can again put one at the risk of the same.

Fetal abnormalities
Certain health condition of the fetus can also be responsible for preterm labour, at times. Conditions like neural tube defects, metabolic disorder or any congenital defects can lead to the same.   
In case you are at the risk of suffering a premature labour, watch for the symptoms of labour closely. Reach for the doctor on time to get necessary medical help. 

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