Celiac disease shares many genetic factors with T1Diabetes

NIDDK study continues to look at possible factors that lead to the development of the diseases in children.

 New results and information surrounding potential "triggers" of the autoimmune process leading to type 1 diabetes (T1D) and how they interact with genetic factors in children at-risk for developing the disease were highlighted in the "Update from the TEDDY Study" symposium today at the American Diabetes Association's® (ADA's) 80th Virtual Scientific Sessions. Similar evidence for celiac disease is also being accumulated through the large international study program. The data The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study has collected prospectively since 2004 will be utilized in new clinical trials to prevent these autoimmune diseases that jointly affect more than 3% of the general population.

TEDDY is an international multi-center trial researching the potential causes T1D in children. The study is funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). T1D occurs when the beta cells of the pancreas that normally make insulin are destroyed by the body's own immune system. When the beta cells are destroyed, the body cannot make insulin and maintain normal blood sugar levels.

Children who have T1D have certain types of genes, but not all children who have those genes develop diabetes. Something from the environment "triggers" the immune destruction of the beta cells. TEDDY is aiming to discover viruses and nutritional factors that interact with genes to "trigger" immune destruction of the beta cells, marked by the appearance of islet autoantibodies. The study enrolls infants identified as "at-risk" for developing T1D and follows them for 15 years to look for the appearance of various beta-cell autoantibodies and diabetes. TEDDY has also studied biomarkers that can predict faster or slower progression to diabetes after the autoimmune destruction has begun.

"An interesting finding from TEDDY has been how early the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells begins – often in the initial two years of life," said study TEDDY co-chair Marian Rewers, MD, PhD, a professor of pediatrics and medicine and executive director of the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. "There appear to be two subtypes of T1D that differ by genetic factors and immune phenotypes. Metabolomic biomarkers may offer clues to the subtypes and whether a child develops T1D. Interestingly, HbA1c has very different predictive characteristics for progression to clinical diabetes in children with islet autoantibodies, compared to adults with risk factors for type 1 diabetes."

 Additional key updates from the study group include:

 Persistent presence of enterovirus B species in a child's stool predicts development of islet autoimmunity, especially the earlier subtype characterized by the presence of autoantibodies to insulin. 

There are also subtle differences in the composition and function of gut microbiome in children who develop islet autoantibodies, compared to controls. Early use of probiotics may decrease the risk, while use of antibiotics was not related to islet or celiac autoimmunity. 

TEDDY has also found potentially beneficial effects of vitamin D, vitamin C, or a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, though these observations need to be confirmed in randomized clinical trials. 

Celiac disease, another autoimmune condition, shares many genetic factors with T1D, noted Dr. Rewers. TEDDY investigators follow study participants for both T1D and celiac disease in an attempt to determine why some children with high-risk genes develop T1D or celiac disease, while most remain disease-free. This information will be used to try to prevent both diabetes and celiac disease in children. Recently reported TEDDY research showed an association between gluten consumption in the early years of childhood and an increased risk of celiac disease among genetically predisposed children.

 "While T1D and celiac disease share a lot of genetic 

characteristics, there are intriguing differences in the ways these 

diseases develop and progress," added Dr. Rewers. "TEDDY is 

contributing exciting clues for design of future trials to prevent 

both T1D and celiac disease."

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Vaccine against gut bacteria may protect against ulcers

Researchers have developed a method to restrict the mobility of gut bacteria that are linked to chronic inflammatory bowel disorders that cause stomach and intestinal ulcers, an advance that may lead to new vaccine development strategies.

The researchers said patients with inflammatory bowel diseases had reduced diversity of gut bacteria and exercise levels of microbes with a protein called flagellin, which favours their mobility.

They said the intestinal mucous layers naturally produced antibodies directed against the bacterial flagellin, spontaneously developing immune protection against bacteria that try to penetrate and pass-through this barrier.

In this study, the scientists stimulated the antibodies working against the flagellin protein in order to reduce the presence of the bacteria expressing it in the gut.

They injected mice with flagellin via their body cavity and induced an immune response in the rodents against the protein-- similar to how vaccines work.

This led to a marked increase in the anti-flagellin antibodies in mice, particularly in their intestinal mucus layers, the study noted.

The researchers used a protocol to induce chronic intestinal inflammation in the mice and observed that immunising against flagellin provided the rodents significant protection from gut-related diseases.

The findings of the study noted that the immunisation lowered the levels of bacteria with the flagellin protein, and also led to their absence in the intestinal mucosa, compared to the un-vaccinated group.

This vaccine strategy can be envisaged in humans because such abnormalities of the microbiota have been observed in patients with inflammatory and metabolic diseases. With this in mind, we are currently working on a means of locally administering flagellin to the intestinal mucosa, said the co-author of the study.

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Researchers have developed a method to restrict the mobility of gut bacteria that are linked to chronic inflammatory bowel disorders that cause stomach and intestinal ulcers, an advance that may lead to new vaccine development strategies.

Read more at: https://www.deccanherald.com/science-and-environment/vaccine-against-gut-bacteria-may-protect-against-ulcers-784886.html

Different Types Of Meditation Change Different Areas Of The Brain,

There’s been a lot of discussion about what kinds of mental activities are actually capable of changing the brain. Some promises of bolstered IQ and enhanced brain function via specially-designed "brain games" have fizzled out. Meanwhile, meditation and mindfulness training have accumulated some impressive evidence, suggesting that the practices can change not only the structure and function of the brain, but also our behavior and moment-to-moment experience.

A new study finds that three different types of meditation training are linked to changes in corresponding brain regions. The results, have a lot of relevance to schools, businesses and, of course, the general public.

Participants, who were between 20 and 55 years of age, engaged in three different types of training for three months each, totaling a nine-month study period. The first training was dubbed the “Presence” module, and was very similar to focused awareness meditation, an ancient practice that's been studied a lot in recent years. In this study, participants learned to focus their attention, bringing it back when it wandered, and to attend to the breath and to their internal body sensations.

The second training was called “Affect,” which sought to enhance empathy and compassion for others—participants learned “loving-kindness” (metta) meditation, and did work with partners, the goal of which was to enhance one’s compassion and empathy. 

The last was the "Perspective" module, akin to mindfulness or open-monitoring meditation. Here, the focus was on observing one’s own thoughts non-judgmentally and enhancing understanding of the perspectives of others.

The researchers wagered that training in each of these methods would lead to volume increases in corresponding brain areas. And this was largely what they found, as they scanned the participants’ brains at the end of each module and compared groups against one another. Training in Presence was linked to enhanced thickness in the anterior prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which are known to be strongly involved in attention. Affect training was linked to increased thickness in regions known to be involved in socially driven emotions like empathy; and Perspective training associated with changes in areas involved in understanding the mental states of others, and, interestingly, inhibiting the perspective of oneself.

The results are exciting in that they offer an even more nuanced look at how meditation can change the brain, and in a relatively short amount of time. Lots of research has found that experienced meditators have significantly altered brain structure and function, but a growing number of studies has also found that relatively brief meditation training in novices (for instance, the well-known eight-week MBSR program) can also shift brain function, improve well-being, and reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety.

And, the authors say, the results may be applicable in a number of settings, for kids and adults alike. “Our findings suggest a potential biological basis for how mindfulness and different aspects of social intelligence could be nurtured."

They add that this kind of sensitivity is especially important nowadays, as our community becomes more global, and understanding of others' experiences more essential.

“With growing globalization, inter-connectedness, and complexity of our societies, ‘soft skills’ have become increasingly important," they say. "Social competences, such as empathy, compassion, and taking the perspective of another person, allow for a better understanding of others’ feelings and different beliefs and are crucial for successful cooperation.”

Meditation, in its different forms, may be a powerful way to boost the types of intelligence that matter most.

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