Indian scientist explains how complications in type 1 diabetes arise

An Indian origin has shed light into the development of the complications in type 1 diabetes.

Senior author Rohit Kulkarni, M.D., Ph.D., at Joslin Diabetes Center and Associate Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School, said that complications were a major cause of serious diseases in type 1 diabetes, which affect the cardiovascular system, kidneys, eyes and nerves.

Even with very good glycemic control, people with type 1 diabetes could still develop complications that impact their ability to work and quality of life.

In the study, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, which have the potential to differentiate into any type of cell in the body, were used to model the disease.

They were derived from skin cells obtained from patients who have had type 1 diabetes for 50 years or more and are members of the Joslin 50-Year Medalist Program, and also from healthy controls.

Participants were classified according to complications status: Medalist +C for severe complications and Medalist -C for absent or mild complications.

Genetic analysis of the iPS and skin cells showed "remarkable differences in expression of genes and proteins in the Medalist +C group compared to the Medalist -C group and the controls," said Dr. Kulkarni.

The analysis revealed higher levels of a protein known as miR200 in the Medalist +C group than in the Medalist -C group and controls.

This was a very significant finding because miR200 played an important role in the DNA repair process, he added.

When the scientists reduced expression of miR200 in iPS and skin cells from the Medalist +C group, the DNA damage checkpoint pathway machinery was restored and DNA damage was reduced in the cells.

This makes miR200 a promising potential target for therapeutic interventions and also a possible biomarker for early detection of the development of complications.

The findings are published in Cell Metabolism.

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Skin cells can heal injured hearts

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 Usually after a heart attack, the heart is unable to replace its dead cells and patients are often left with little option of another heart transplant or cell therapy that transplants heart cells into the patient's heart.

In far too many cases, however, the transplanted heart cells do not engraft well, resulting in poor recovery.

One reason for the engraftment problem is the quality of the heart cells. For a typical cell therapy, heart cells are made from different stem cells, but the quality of the heart cells will vary.

First author of the study that was conducted by Kyoto University, Dr. Shunsuke Funakoshi said that the cells of different maturation will be mixed and transplanted together.

During the research, Funakoshi took induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells that were reprogrammed from skin cells and made them into heart cells. Heart cells differentiated from iPS cells effectively go through all stages of development.

Currently, over a billion cells are needed for human heart cell therapies. Knowing which cells are best for the therapy should not only improve patient outcome, but also reduce the number of cells required, which would further reduce both the time of the preparation and invasiveness of the procedure.

The research is published in the journal Scientific Reports.