Skin cancer treatment may improve with new tattoo ink!

Researchers have developed a new tattoo ink that can better help in surgical treatment of patients with a form of skin cancer much more than the commercially available tattoo pigments.
This ink is said to glow only under certain light conditions and disappears later. 

Tattoos also used by the medical community for precisely demarcating future treatment landmarks and are especially important for identifying biopsy sites of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) patients as they typically have to wait up to three months between a biopsy confirming their condition and treatment. 

However, the commercially available tattoo pigments inks can cause discomfort and inflammation.

The new ink developed by researchers led by Kai Chen University of Southern California is time-limited, as per IANS. 

The study was published in the journal ACS Nano.

To quote from acs.org - "Kai Chen, Gary S Chuang, Hsian-Rong Tseng and colleagues wanted to develop a safer, more patient-friendly option. The researchers created a time-limited pigment by cross-linking fluorescent supramolecular nanoparticles. Under ambient lighting, the nanoparticles are invisible, which would avoid unwanted markings in a patient’s skin. But the pigment glows under light shining at a wavelength of 465 nanometers, so doctors would be able to use a special light to see the dye. Testing in mice showed that tattoos created with these nanoparticles didn’t cause inflammation and lasted for three months. This would be long enough to mark a spot from biopsy through treatment for a non-melanoma patient."

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Scientists grow retinal nerve cells which could help people blinded by glaucoma, MS

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Scientists have developed a new method to efficiently turn human stem cells into retinal nerve cells that transmit visual signals from the eye to the brain, an advance that could lead to treatments for people blinded by glaucoma and multiple sclerosis (MS).

Death and dysfunction of these cells, known as retinal ganglion cells, cause vision loss in conditions like glaucoma and MS. "Our work could lead not only to a better understanding of the biology of the optic nerve, but also to a cell-based human model that could be used to discover drugs that stop or treat blinding conditions," said study leader Donald Zack, from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in US. "And, eventually it could lead to the development of cell transplant therapies that restore vision in patients with glaucoma and MS," said Zack.

The laboratory process entails genetically modifying a line of human embryonic stem cells to become fluorescent upon their differentiation to retinal ganglion cells, and then using that cell line for development of new differentiation methods and characterisation of the resulting cells. Using a genome editing laboratory tool called CRISPR-Cas9, the researchers inserted a fluorescent protein gene into the stem cells' DNA.

This red fluorescent protein POU4F2 would be expressed only if another gene named BRN3B was also expressed. BRN3B is expressed by mature retinal ganglion cells, so once a cell differentiated into a retinal ganglion cell, it would appear red under a microscope.

Next, they used a technique called fluorescence-activated cell sorting to separate out the newly differentiated retinal ganglion cells from a mixture of different cells into a highly purified cell population. The cells showed biological and physical properties seen in retinal ganglion cells produced naturally, said Zack. Researchers also found that adding a naturally occurring plant chemical called forskolin on the first day of the process helped improve the cells' efficiency of becoming retinal ganglion cells. 
"By the 30th day of culture, there were obvious clumps of fluorescent cells visible under the microscope," said lead author Valentin Sluch, a former Johns Hopkins student. "It seems we can now isolate the cells and study them in a pure culture, which is something that wasn't possible before," Sluch said. "We hope that these cells can eventually lead to new treatments for glaucoma and other forms of optic nerve disease," said Zack.

The study was published in the journal Scientific Reports.

Why smoking is so terribly addictive

Researchers have tried to explain how nicotine exploits the body’s cellular machinery to promote addiction.

According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, nicotine activates receptors known as nAChRs and, remarkably, unlike most other drugs of abuse, it acts as a “pharmacological chaperone” to stabilize assembly of its receptors within the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and increase their abundance at the cell surface (up-regulation).

Up-regulation of nAChRs plays a major role in nicotine addiction and, possibly, in the decreased susceptibility of smokers to Parkinson’s disease.

Receptors containing an alpha6 subunit (alpha6* nAChRs) are abundant in several specific brain regions.

Researchers from the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena used mice expressing alpha6 labeled with a fluorescent protein to show that exposure to nicotine—at a level comparable to that in human smokers—up-regulated alpha6* nAChRs in these areas of the brain.

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