Thursday, March 08, 2018

Dyslexia may be prevented by brain training activities

Effective activities could be used to train the brain to prevent future disorders such as dyslexia, scientists say.

Over the years, several studies have shown that the the brain is able to naturally adjust the frequency of its waves with the oscillations or the rhythm of what it listens at each moment.

However, little was known so far of the consequences of the effect of brain synchronisation, also known as brain-entrainment, in brain regions directly related to language processing.

Researchers  studied this aspect and has thoroughly analysed the brain synchronisation of 72 individuals.

According to a researcher, the experiment has shown that the synchronisation with speech is more intense when the brain listens to low frequency waves - those related to the accent, tones and intonation of speech.

The study showed that this synchronisation results in a direct activation of the brain regions related to language processing, as is the case of the Broca area, a section located in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere and involved in the production of the same.

In previous work, researchers found that children with dyslexia show a weak synchronisation with low frequency bands, and therefore, a poor activation of the regions related to language processing.

The researcher said that therapeutic interventions focused on language learning can be developed during childhood by stimulating low frequency auditory components and thus obtain a clearer idea of the sounds that make up the language.

"For example, brain synchronisation can be measured while a child with dyslexia is listening and giving a reward if it stimulates more synchronisation with the low frequency band," said the researcher. "It can help those who are out of sync to pay more attention to the tones, accents and intonations of speech," she said.

This could be applicable to tasks with speech therapists, developing specific interventions to synchronise with low frequency speech.

"With repeated training sessions we can help children with language delay to recover the mechanisms of attention," the researcher said.

The researchers conducted two studies with 35 and 37 individuals respectively; these individuals had to listen to different sentences for about six minutes.

Through magneto encephalography (MEG), a non-invasive technique that allows accurately recording and analysing the neuronal activity of the brain while the participants perform a task as simple as listening to talk, the brain regions that were synchronised with the different frequency bands were analysed.

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Wednesday, January 04, 2017

Decoded: What causes stuttering.

Stuttering is caused by a reduced blood flow in speech processing areas of the brain, a study by researchers has showed. 

The findings showed that regional cerebral blood flow is reduced in the Broca’s area — the region in the frontal lobe of the brain linked to speech production. 


In addition, a greater abnormality of cerebral blood flow in the posterior language loop — associated with processing of words that we hear — correlates with more severe stuttering.


According to researchers, a common patho-physiology throughout the neural “language” loop that connects the frontal and posterior temporal lobe likely contributes to stuttering severity.


“When other portions of the brain circuit related to speech were also affected according to our blood flow measurements, we saw more severe stuttering in both children and adults,” said lead author Jay Desai, MD, clinical neurologist at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) in California. 


In the study,  the researchers were able to zero in on the Broca’s area as well as related brain circuitry specifically linked to speech, using regional cerebral blood flow as a measure of brain activity, since blood flow is typically coupled with neural activity.
“Blood flow was inversely correlated to the degree of stuttering — the more severe the stuttering, the less blood flow to this part of the brain,  said Desai, adding that the study results were “quite striking”. 


The study was published in the journal Human Brain Mapping.


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