Children exposed to complications at birth are at risk of autism.

There is a bad news for children who were exposed to complications shortly before or during birth.

A study by Kaiser Permanente found that children who were exposed to complications shortly before or during birth, including birth asphyxia and preeclampsia, were more likely to develop autism spectrum disorder. 

The study, which was published in the American Journal of Perinatology, stated that the perinatal complications that had the highest association with ASD were birth asphyxia -- deprivation of oxygen during the birthing process -- and preeclampsia, a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to other organ systems. Other perinatal complications that were associated with ASD included premature separation of the placenta from the uterus, breech/transverse fetal presentation, fetal dystocia/abnormal size or position, and a prolapsed/exposed umbilical cord.

Researchers examined the health records of 594,638 children born in Kaiser Permanente hospitals in Southern California between 1991 and 2009. During this time, 6,255 of these children were diagnosed with ASD, 37 percent of whom experienced perinatal complications. Researchers found that children exposed to complications during birth were at a 10 percent increased risk of developing ASD, compared to children who did not experience perinatal complications.

That number rose to a 22 percent increased risk of developing ASD for children exposed to complications before labor began. The study also showed that children exposed to complications both before and during birth had a 44 percent greater risk of developing ASD than children who did not experience perinatal complications.

Autism spectrum disorders are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired social interaction, communication deficits and a range of restricted and repetitive behavior patterns, according to the American Psychiatric Association. According to the latest estimates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 1 in 68 children have been identified with ASD, and the disorder is reported to occur in all racial, ethnic and socioeconomic groups. ASD is about 4.5 times more common among boys than girls.

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Autism: Environmental factors and genes equally important

The study was jointly conducted by a team of researchers from King's College, London, Karolinska Institute in Sweden and Mount Sinai in the US.
The researchers analysed data from the total 2 million children born in Sweden between the years 1982 and 2006, of which 14,516 were diagnosed with ASD. 


The researchers also took into consideration the child's family members such as identical and non-identical twins, siblings, maternal and paternal half-siblings and cousins.

The study measured two distinct factors contributing to autism risk. One is heritability, which is attributed to genetic factors and the other is relative recurrent risk which takes into account individual risk for people having a relative with autism.

The findings show that children with siblings suffering from autism are 10 times more prone to develop autism, 3 times if they have a half-brother or sister and 2 times if they have a cousin suffering from autism. This provides sufficient grounds to researchers for assessing individual risk.

Environmental factors are divided into 'shared environments' and 'non-shared environments'. The former deals with factors shared between family members such as family socioeconomic status, while the latter consists of factors specific to the individual such as birth complications or medication during the pre and perinatal period.

In this study, factors specific to the individual, or 'non-shared environments' evolved as the main source of environmental risk to help understand Autism.

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