Remember This 6-Letter Phrase to Mend Passive Aggression

Passive aggression is an indirect way to express anger or frustration. Ignorance, sarcastic remarks, pouting and saying that they’re okay when they’re not are all examples of passive-aggressive behavior. You have probably noticed this kind of behavior in others or even in yourself. A person may refuse to communicate with you or explain the nature of some problem. 

 

Still not sure how to spot passive aggression? This article explains it all - The Tell-Tale Signs of Passive-Aggressive Communication.  

 

How to deal with passive aggression
At first glance, passive aggression doesn’t seem like a big deal. But people who have to deal with passive-aggressive behavior know just how much stress and confusion it can cause. The most disturbing part is that a person who uses passive aggression in arguments tends to do so repeatedly, even if it hurts everyone involved. 

 

Justin Bariso, an author, speaker, and all-around expert in emotional intelligence, mentions one simple 6-phrase that stops passive-aggression in its tracks. That phrase is: Attack the problem. Not the person.

This simple phrase is helpful for both those who fall into passive aggression to protect themselves in an argument and those who observe this type of behavior in a family member, colleague, or friend. 

 

The number one goal in conflict situations where passive aggression is displayed is letting the person go out of their box and switch from passive communication to active. "Active communication doesn't assume someone can read our minds or 'just know' what we're upset about," states psychologist Nicole LePera. 

 

If you notice passive-aggressive traits in yourself, Bariso recommends expressing why you’re upset in a firm but compassionate way. Try using one of the following phrases to switch to active communication: 

 

I felt hurt by what you said. 

 

That's not a joke. Please stop.

 

It’s very frustrating when you keep interrupting me.

When you observe passive-aggressive behavior in others, you’ll need to confront the person. There’s no other choice than open confrontation. Don't forget to "Attack the problem, not the person." 

 

Express how the person’s behavior makes you feel. Say that their shutting off is confusing and that you don't know how to react unless the person shares their frustrations with you. If you can approximate or guess the source of the conflict, try to ask the person directly if that’s what it is. Try and find the source of the conflict and resolve it with kindness and openness, and you’re guaranteed to “turn passive aggression into active peace,” as Bariso thoughtfully puts it.

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Your brain tells if a placebo can treat pain

The placebo effect, a fake treatment with real therapeutic outcomes often confounds the merit of successful drug trials. This questionable clinical response is often attributed to the psychological expectation of a positive outcome. This response translates to release of warm and fuzzy neurotransmitters like dopamine and endorphins in cortical structures responsible for moods, emotions, and awareness. Even knowing that you are getting a placebo does not change the outcome specifically for migraine pain treatment as shown by researchers in 2014. The placebo was 50% as effective as the real drug in reducing the pain and this result was attributed to the positive effect of ritual pill taking in general.

But is it beyond just positive thinking? What happens in the brain that leads to the placebo effect?

These questions drove the researchers to investigate placebo effects in clinical settings. Their recent publication identified specific psychological factors, anatomical features and functional connectivity between selective regions that could predispose a subset of patients response to placebo.

This study expands on the previously identified predictors based on brain functional connectivity for the treatment of pain and addresses the inherent variability of cortical activity before and after treatment. To that end, they also cross-validated an algorithm that successfully predicted the response magnitude to placebo pain treatment.

After screening 129 chronic back pain patients and excluding all subjects that did not meet the study requirements, a total of 63 patients divided into 3 groups of 20, were studied to compare responses between the no treatment group to randomized placebo treatment group. In the 6 visits that spread over 8 weeks, the placebo response was tracked through psychological questionnaires and neuroimaging scans (MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and DTI: Diffusion tensor imaging). Additionally, an interactive phone application, specifically designed for the study was also used to track the patient’s pain over time rather than just during their visits.

Three characterization approaches were used to understand the predisposed response to placebo administration. Firstly, pain scores received via the smartphone app showed the analgesic effects of placebo when compared to no treatment patient cohort. Moreover, the pain reduced further in the responders over time reaching a stable value for both treatment and washout periods. Second, anatomical characteristics including subcortical limbic volume asymmetry, sensorimotor cortical thickness, and functional coupling of prefrontal regions, anterior cingulate and periaqueductal gray were the natural traits that were selectively present in the placebo effect observed population. However, studying the brain structures that are associated with the emotional state, chronic pain and placebo response in healthy individual risk factors like the amygdala, hippocampus and nucleus accumbens did not reveal anything. Lastly, 15 psychological questionnaires with 38 subscales revealed that subjects with interoceptive awareness and openness were predisposed to the placebo effect. 

The observed psychological traits and functional connectivity patterns prior to placebo treatment when put through machine learning also predicted the magnitude of the placebo effect independently.  A nested leave-one-out cross-validation method was used to predict each patient response using independent training samples. The training was done with one data set at a time. The classifier was first trained with the questionnaire data and then the functional connectivity maps were fed through. An interesting observation made was that prediction accuracy did not differ significantly when trained with questionnaires alone vs in combination with brain maps.

The systematic study design and execution with novel cross-validated predictive analysis sheds light on understanding and preparing for the complex placebo effect in the perspective of chronic pain treatment. Moreover, the authors also suggest that the questionnaire based easy pre-study patient survey might be enough to predict the positive placebo response population.

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