Cancer the top cause of death in high income nations
Cancer has overtaken heart disease to become the leading cause of death among high-income countries (HIC) according to a study.
In parallel to this claim, it was also found that individuals in low to
middle income countries (LMIC) suffer more predominantly from cardiac
conditions. Breast cancer is one of the most well known types of cancer both in India and globallySuch data rings true for India, whose top spot for causes of death, cardiac disease, claimed the lives of 28.1% of the total deaths for 2016. As such, cardiac disease is one of the most prominent health concerns in the nation.According to the study cardiac
disease remains the leading cause of mortality among middle aged adults
globally, accounting for forty percent of all deaths, but this is no
longer the case in HIC, where cancer is now responsible for twice as
many deaths.
“The world is witnessing a new
epidemiologic transition among the different categories of
non-communicable diseases (NCD), with cardiovascular disease (CVD) no
longer the leading cause of death in HIC,” said the lead author of the report.
“Our report found cancer to be the second most common cause of death
globally in 2017, accounting for 26 percent of all deaths. But as CVD
rates continue to fall, cancer could likely become the leading cause of
death worldwide, within just a few decades.”
The study found that a number of
influences play a role in high rates of heart disease in LMICs. Among
these are household air pollution, poor diet, low education, and low
grip strength. Many of these issues are far less prevalent in HICs,
resulting in lower rates of CVD. However, cancer rates have elevated as
life expectancies have increased, thus taking the top spots for causes
of death. While the study highlights that heart
disease — an already widely known cause for concern in India — is among
the country’s more pressing issues, it also offers insight into
potential future medical issues.
Cancer is fast approaching heart
disease as the most prominent cause of death in India. With around
thirteen percent of deaths each year being caused by cancer, this may
eventually become India’s most prolific cause of death. By knowing this
information sooner, rather than later, alterations could be made to
medical infrastructure to accommodate India’s ever growing number of
cancer patients. Such a move would help alleviate the burden caused by
the disease, and would improve cure rates if early detection if
prioritised. Though, such a move would not come without a considerable
financial investment.
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Scientists have developed a smartphone app that can detect anemia accurately and non-invasively.
Instead
of a blood test, the app developed by researchers uses photos of a person’s fingernails taken on a smartphone to
accurately measure how much hemoglobin is in their blood. “All
other ‘point-of-care’ anaemia detection tools require external
equipment, and represent trade-offs between invasiveness, cost, and
accuracy,” said the principal investigator of the study.
“This is a
stand-alone app whose accuracy is on par with currently available
point-of-care tests without the need to draw blood,” he said.
The
app could facilitate self-management by patients with chronic anaemia,
allowing them to monitor their disease and to identify the times when
they need to adjust their therapies or receive transfusions.
This could possibly reduce the side effects or complications of
having transfusions too early or too late, said a researcher. The researchers said that the app should be used for screening, not clinical diagnosis.
The
technology could be used by anyone at any time, and could be especially
appropriate for pregnant women, women with abnormal menstrual bleeding,
or runners/athletes.
Its simplicity means it could be useful in developing countries.
Clinical
diagnostic tools have strict accuracy requirements, but researchers
think that with additional research, they can eventually achieve the
accuracy needed to replace blood-based anaemia testing for clinical
diagnosis.
Anaemia is a blood condition that affects two billion
people worldwide and can lead to fatigue, paleness and cardiac distress
if left untreated.
The current gold standard for anaemia diagnosis is known as a complete blood count (CBC).
The
researchers studied fingernail photos and correlated the colour of the
fingernail beds with hemoglobin levels measured by CBC in 337 people:
some healthy, and others with a variety of anaemia diagnoses.
The
algorithm for converting fingernail colour to blood hemoglobin level was
developed with 237 of these subjects and then tested on 100.
A
single smartphone image can measure hemoglobin level with an accuracy of
2.4 grammes/decilitre with a sensitivity of up to 97 per cent,
researchers said.
In the app, the use of fingernail beds, which do
not contain melanin, means the test can be valid for people with a
variety of skin tones, they said.
The app uses image metadata to correct for background brightness, and can be adapted to phones from multiple manufacturers.
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