New Breakthrough Can Save Lives of Cancer Patients

There may be a breakthrough in the fight against rhabdomyosarcoma, a particularly aggressive type of childhood cancer that begins in muscle tissue. Scientists have achieved a remarkable feat by transforming these cancer cells into healthy muscle cells. This achievement could be a major milestone in the development of new treatments for this disease, as well as providing valuable information for treating other human cancers. 

 

"The cells literally turn into muscle," says molecular biologist Christopher Vakoc of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 

 

 "The tumor loses all cancer attributes. They're switching from a cell that just wants to make more of itself to cells devoted to contraction. Because all its energy and resources are now devoted to contraction, it can't go back to this multiplying state."

There may be a breakthrough in the fight against rhabdomyosarcoma, a particularly aggressive type of childhood cancer that begins in muscle tissue. Scientists have achieved a remarkable feat by transforming these cancer cells into healthy muscle cells. This achievement could be a major milestone in the development of new treatments for this disease, as well as providing valuable information for treating other human cancers. 

 

"The cells literally turn into muscle," says molecular biologist Christopher Vakoc of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.

"The tumor loses all cancer attributes. They're switching from a cell that just wants to make more of itself to cells devoted to contraction. Because all its energy and resources are now devoted to contraction, it can't go back to this multiplying state."

 

 Understanding cancer can be a little complicated. Cancer varies depending on the cell it originates from, unlike the image of a singular, monolithic entity. 

 

There is a high mortality rate for people with rhabdomyosarcoma; the survival rate is 50-70% for people at intermediate risk. Differentiation therapy is one remedy that has proven promise. It came about when researchers discovered that leukemia cells are immature, much like undifferentiated stem cells that haven't fully matured into a particular cell type. These cells are coerced by differentiation therapy to carry on with their development and differentiate into particular mature cell types. 

 

Earlier, Vakoc and his team of researchers accomplished an incredible feat. They managed to undo the cancerous mutation present in cells linked to Ewing sarcoma, a severe childhood cancer primarily affecting bones. Their audacious objective was to replicate this accomplishment for rhabdomyosarcoma, even though experts believed that using differentiation therapy for this cancer type might take decades to become feasible. 

 

The research team used advanced genetic screening methodology to achieve this goal. They wanted to find genes that could turn rhabdomyosarcoma cells into full-fledged muscle cells. Their solution was encoded in a protein known as Nuclear transcription factor Y (NF-Y). 

 

Cells with rhabdomyosarcoma create a distinct protein known as PAX3-FOXO1, that plays a critical role in the spreading of cancer. Essentially, the tumor is strongly reliant on this protein. Surprisingly, the researchers discovered that inhibiting NF-Y neutralizes PAX3-FOXO1. This halt nudges the cells forward in their development, culminating in their metamorphosis into mature muscle cells free of malignant remnants.

The discovery has profound implications, as it could accelerate the development of differentiation therapies for rhabdomyosarcoma.

Moreover, the research team has successfully tested and validated their method on two different types of sarcoma. They believe that their approach can be customized for treating other forms of sarcoma and various types of cancer. This methodology equips scientists with the necessary tools to determine how to induce differentiation in cancer cells.

"Every successful medicine has its origin story," Vakoc says. "And research like this is the soil from which new drugs are born." The research has been published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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Scientists engineer virus to kill all types of cancer

Scientists, through a breakthrough invention, created a new kind of virus that can cure several types of cancer. This is a cowpox-style of virus and was tested against all types of cancers in a petri dish.

It not only killed all the cancers, but it also shrunk tumours in mice as well. The treatment, called CF33, is being developed by an Australian biotech company called Imugene. The company hopes to test the cure on breast cancer patients by next year.

Professor Yuman Fong, a US cancer specialist is heading the clinical trials in Australia. The ‘basket study’ would comprise of patients with melanoma, bladder, gastric and bowel cancer, lung cancer and triple negative breast cancer.

When a medicine or drug tests positive with mice, it doesn’t necessarily translate to a successful effect on humans but Professor Fong is positive. In the recent past, the virus, responsible for the common cold was used to cure brain cancer by scientists in the US.

This was successful to an extent. Patients reported that their cancer disappeared for a few years before it came back whereas others saw the tumours shrink considerably.

Similarly, another virus called Imlygic or T-Vec was used to treat melanoma. It was derived from a sold sore virus. The virus helped the body’s immune system identify the cancerous cells and destroy them.

 “There was evidence that viruses could kill cancer from the early 1900s when people vaccinated against rabies had their cancer disappear, they went into remission,” Professor Fong said. But one of the main concerns was that the virus is too toxic and could kill the human along with the cancer cell.

Professor Fong said that cowpox was successfully used to kill smallpox without hurting the human, so he feels it would be a feasible cure for cancer cells now.

The cowpox virus would be mixed with other viruses and be injected directly into the tumours to kill it. It is expected that the engineered virus would infect the cancerous cell and cause it to explode. After which, the body’s immune system will be alerted about other cancer cells after which it would prompt a response to kill them as well.

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