People with schizophrenia experience emotion differently through their bodies

 People with schizophrenia experience emotion through their bodies differently from those who do not suffer from the disorder, a study has found.

Researchers compared individuals with schizophrenia with matched control participants, asking each to fill in a "body map" in a way that correlates to the way they physically experience emotion.

They used a computerised coloring task to locate where participants feel sensations when they experience, for e.g., anger or depression.

The outcomes differed radically between groups, with the control group showing distinct maps of sensations for 13 different emotions, indicating specific patterns of increased arousal and decreased energy across the body for each emotion.

However, in individuals with schizophrenia, there was an overall reduction of bodily sensation across all emotions.

The study also found that individuals with schizophrenia do not differentiate on their body maps for varying emotions. That may  pose a problem for them in identifying, recognising and verbalizing their emotions or trying to understand the emotions of others.

The research will allow the team to move forward in developing ways to help people with schizophrenia process emotions, which, in turn, could improve interpersonal relationships, said one of the researcher.

"The main outcome of this research is that we have a better understanding of why people with schizophrenia might have trouble interacting with others," she said.

"What we can do now is help them learn to attend to physiological sensations arising from their bodies and use them to process emotions," she added.

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People with schizophrenia experience emotion through their bodies differently from those who do not suffer from the disorder, a study has found.

Researchers from the Vanderbilt University in the US compared individuals with schizophrenia with matched control participants, asking each to fill in a "body map" in a way that correlates to the way they physically experience emotion.

They used a computerised coloring task to locate where participants feel sensations when they experi ..

Read more at:
//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/67230033.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

People with schizophrenia experience emotion through their bodies differently from those who do not suffer from the disorder, a study has found.

Researchers from the Vanderbilt University in the US compared individuals with schizophrenia with matched control participants, asking each to fill in a "body map" in a way that correlates to the way they physically experience emotion.

They used a computerised coloring task to locate where participants feel sensations when they experi ..

Read more at:
//economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/67230033.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

Link found between your brain and your consciousness

Human consciousness is a topic philosophers have long struggled to define.
 
Now, a team of researchers led by neurologists at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) has pinpointed the regions of the brain that may play a role maintaining it.

"For the first time, we have found a connection between the brainstem region involved in arousal and regions involved in awareness, two prerequisites for consciousness," said researcher Michael D. Fox. "A lot of pieces of evidence all came together to point to this network playing a role in human consciousness."

Classical neurology holds that arousal and awareness are two critical components of consciousness. Arousal is likely regulated by the brain stem - the portion of the brain, contiguous with the spinal cord, that is responsible for the sleep/wake cycle and cardiac and respiratory rates. Awareness, another critical component of consciousness, has long been thought to reside somewhere in the cortex, the outer layer of the brain responsible for many of its higher functions.

The researchers analyzed 36 patients with brain stem lesions, of which 12 led to coma and 24 did not. Mapping the injuries revealed that a small "coma-specific" area of the brain stem - the rostral dorsolateral pontine tegmentum - was significantly associated with coma. Ten out of the 12 coma-inducing brain stem lesions involved this area, while just one of the 24 control lesions did.

Armed with that information, Fox and colleagues, including lead author David Fischer, MD, then a medical student at Harvard Medical School, used a wiring diagram of the healthy human brain - based on a large, shared data set called the Human Connectome - to identify which other parts of the brain were connected to these coma-causing lesions. Their analysis revealed two areas in the cortex of the brain that were significantly connected to the coma-specific region of the brainstem. One sat in the left, ventral, anterior insula (AI), the other in the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pACC). Both regions have been implicated previously in arousal and awareness.

"We now have a great map of how the brain is wired up in the Human Connectome," said Fox. "We can look at not just the location of lesions, but also their connectivity. Over the past year, researchers in my lab have used this approach to understand visual and auditory hallucinations, impaired speech, and movement disorders. A collaborative team of neuroscientists and physicians had the insight and unique expertise needed to apply this approach to consciousness."

The team included co-lead author, Aaron Boes and co-senior author, Joel Geerling.

Finally, the team investigated whether this brainstem-cortex network was functioning in another subset of patients with disorders of consciousness, including coma. Using a special type of MRI scan, the scientists found that their newly identified "consciousness network" was disrupted in patients with impaired consciousness. 

The findings - bolstered by data from rodent studies - suggest the network between the brain stem and these two cortical regions plays a role maintaining human consciousness.

"The added value of thinking about coma as a network disorder is it presents possible targets for therapy, such as using brain stimulation to augment recovery," Boes said.

A next step, Fox notes, may be to investigate other data sets in which patients lost consciousness to find out if the same, different or overlapping neural networks are involved.

"This is most relevant if we can use these networks as a target for brain stimulation for people with disorders of consciousness," said Fox. "If we zero in on the regions and network involved, can we someday wake someone up who is in a persistent vegetative state? That's the ultimate question."

The study, which already garnered multiple awards from the American Academy of Neurology, has been published in Neurology.

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