Cannabis and cannabinoids are increasingly used for treating mental problem

People with psychiatric disorders may want to pass on the joint -- at least until further research is done, a new Australian study suggests. The study looked at 83 previous studies conducted over almost four decades on medical cannabinoids, including products from the cannabis plant, such as leaves, buds and oils, as well as pharmaceutical-grade cannabinoids.

The authors found insufficient evidence that the products were safe and effective in treating six common disorders: depression, anxiety, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Tourette syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder and psychosis.

Cannabis and cannabinoids are increasingly being made available for medicinal use in North America, Britain and Australia without being subjected to the standard process that includes testing and scrutinising by government regulatory bodies, lead author said.

"One of the most striking things about the spread of legislation in multiple countries permitting cannabis/cannabinoids for medicinal purposes is that this is in many instances happening outside of the regulatory frameworks that medicine development typically occurs within," said the author.

The study found that after chronic non-cancer pain, mental health is one of the most common reasons for using medicinal cannabinoids. But no reviews have considered the varying effects of the different types of cannabinoids or their safety, and the only studies into long-term effects were conducted on individuals using cannabis for recreational use.

In most randomised-controlled trials of the effects of cannabinoids on depression and anxiety, the use was related to another condition, like chronic pain or multiple sclerosis. Some studies showed improvement in anxiety symptoms, but it was unclear if that effect was due to improvements in the primary condition.

In one small study of patients with psychosis, pharmaceutical THC -- the active substance in cannabis -- actually worsened symptoms.  There are safety concerns as well. "There are risks of developing dependence upon cannabis," said the author. "There are also risks if someone drives while intoxicated, and there [is] evidence that people who use cannabis regularly may be at increased risk of developing depression and psychotic symptoms."

Medications that are proven to be effective and aren't addictive already exist for many of the conditions for which cannabis is being used, said a researcher.

A large study -- with a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial -- is the gold standard for determining the balance between a drug's efficacy and its side effects, the author said. Until that is completed, "one cannot have confidence in attributing any beneficial effects observed in a clinical trial to cannabis."

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Tourette's Syndrome

Understanding What Is Tourette’s Syndrome
Tourette’s syndrome is attributed to involuntary and repetitive movements and sounds produced in a body. These are uncontrollable actions and at present approximately 1 million people in India suffer from this syndrome. It is neurological problem, first diagnosed by Dr. Georges Gilles De La Tourette in 1885 in a 86-year old French woman.

It is a chronic condition where symptoms can occur as early as in a 3-years old. While the most severe symptoms are presented in the teen years, most of these symptoms improve during the late teens and into adulthood.

Symptoms:
Generally, the involuntary movements also known as tics are classified as simple and complex.

1. Simple: As far as the basic version of this condition is concerned, you will find that it is limited to sudden and jerky movements associated with certain muscle groups. For instance, the simple tics include eye blinking, shrugging, facial grimacing, and vocalizations. The vocalization can be in form of grunting, sniffling or throat clearing where the condition is mild.
   
2. Complex: The motor tics in the complex version of this condition may include head twists, violent shoulder shrugs, hops, bending, twisting or even touching objects. As far as the vocalizations go, it may include words and phrases while the dramatic symptoms may present the person using cuss words as well.
   

Implications and Treatment:
One positive thing associated with this syndrome is that it doesn’t cause an impairment and therefore there is no medication prescribed for it. Tourette’s syndrome does not affect one’s intelligence and hence it need not stop people from seeking a career of their choice.

However, the biggest concern of people affected by it is the social acceptance of their condition.
Also, those who are suffering from it must be provided with an ideal, tolerant and compassionate set-up where they are encouraged to work and learn to their full potential.

Further, as tic symptoms often do not cause an impairment, a majority of people suffering from it do not require any medication for tic suppression. However, effective medications are available for those whose symptoms interfere with their day-to-day functioning. Neuroleptics (drugs that may be used to treat psychotic and non-psychotic disorders) are the most consistently useful medications for tic suppression.

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