Does UV light cause skin cancer?

In this step, you consider the evidence that UV light is a cause of skin cancer, and explore how to prevent exposure.
Using the data provided below, you will evaluate the evidence that UV light is a cause of skin cancer, drawing on the concepts of cause and association.

Background information

There are three types of skin cancer:

1. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
2. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
3. Melanoma

BCC and SCC are grouped together as non-melanoma skin cancer. These are the most common types of cancer in the world. Melanoma is less common but is harder to treat and more likely to be fatal.
Consider the following statement about skin cancer:
People with the following characteristics are more likely to get skin cancer:

• Fair skin
• Blonde or red hair
• Sunburn easily
• Have lots of moles
• Have relatives with a history of skin cancer

There has been a steady increase in the rates of skin cancer among UK males since the early 1970s, a period that has also seen an increase in the number of holidays people from the UK take in sunny countries such as Spain, and an increase in the popularity of sunbathing.

A number of studies have shown that people who have had incidences of sunburn, especially when young, are more likely to get skin cancer. The incidence of skin cancer is higher in Australia (34.9/100,000) compared to Canada (9.6/100,000). Australian cities average around 3,000 hours of sunshine a year, compared with the 2,000 hours a year average of Canadian cities.

• A number of studies have shown an increased incidence of skin cancer in people who use UV lamps or sunbeds for tanning. Laboratory animals exposed to UV develop skin cancer in a dose dependent manner.
  
• UV radiation causes damage to DNA, in particular a joining together of adjacent bases in DNA to form dimers. UV radiation also causes particular types of mutations in cells exposed to UV in the laboratory, including adjacent CC to TT mutations.
  
• The pattern of mutations in genes from skin cancers show a similar pattern of mutations, which are not seen in other cancers.                                                                  
  

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