Synthetic platelets could save lives

Researchers have created nanoparticles that mimic blood platelets. The artificial platelets could accelerate the healing process and can also be used for targeted therapies

Stanching the free flow of blood from an injury remains a holy grail of clinical medicine. Controlling blood flow is a primary concern and first line of defense for patients and medical staff in many situations, from traumatic injury to illness to surgery. If control is not established within the first few minutes of a hemorrhage, further treatment and healing are impossible.

At University of California Santa Barbara, researchers have turned to the human body's own mechanisms for inspiration in dealing with the necessary and complicated process of coagulation. By creating nanoparticles that mimic the shape, flexibility and surface biology of the body's own platelets, they are able to accelerate natural healing processes while opening the door to therapies and treatments that can be customised to specific patient needs.

"This is a significant milestone in the development of synthetic platelets, as well as in targeted drug delivery," said Samir Mitragotri, who specialises in targeted therapy technologies. Results appear in the journal ACS Nano.

HOW COAGULATION WORKS

The process of coagulation is familiar to anyone who has suffered even the most minor of injuries. Blood rushes to the site of the injury, and within minutes the flow stops as a plug forms at the site. The tissue beneath and around the plug works to knit itself back together and eventually the plug disappears.

But what we don't see is the coagulation cascade, the series of signals and other factors that promote the clotting of blood and enable the transition between a free-flowing fluid at the site and a viscous substance that brings healing factors to the injury. Coagulation is actually a choreography of various substances, among the most important of which are platelets, the blood component that accumulates at the site of the wound to form the initial plug.

"While these platelets flow in our blood, they're relatively inert," said graduate student researcher Aaron Anselmo, lead author of the paper. As soon as an injury occurs, however, the platelets, because of the physics of their shape and their response to chemical stimuli, move from the main flow to the side of the blood vessel wall and congregate, binding to the site of the injury and to each other. As they do so, the platelets release chemicals that "call" other platelets, eventually plugging the wound.

PLATELET-LIKE NANOPARTICLES

But what happens when the injury is too severe, or the patient is on anti-coagulation medication, or is otherwise impaired in his or her ability to form a clot, even for a modest or minor injury?

That's where platelet-like nanoparticles (PLNs) come in. These tiny, platelet- shaped particles that behave just like their human counterparts can be added to the blood flow to supply or augment the patient's own natural platelet supply, stemming the flow of blood and initiating the healing process, while allowing physicians and other caregivers to begin or continue the necessary treatment. Emergency situations can be brought under control faster, injuries can heal more quickly and patients can recover with fewer complications.

"We were actually able to render a 65 per cent decrease in bleeding time compared to no treatment," said Anselmo.

According to Mitragotri, the key lies in the PLNs' mimicry of the real thing. By imitating the shape and flexibility of natural platelets, PLNs can also flow to the injury site and congregate there. With surfaces functionalised with the same biochemical motifs found in their human counterparts, these PLNs also can summon other platelets to the site and bind to them, increasing the chances of forming the plug. In addition these platelets are made to dissolve into the blood after their usefulness has run out minimising complications.

These synthetic platelets also let the researchers improve on nature. According to Anselmo's investigations, for the same surface properties and shape, nanoscale particles can perform even better than micron-size platelets. Additionally, it allows for customisation with other therapeutic substances such as medications and targeted therapies.

Bloodborne pathogens and other infectious agents could be minimised with antibiotic-carrying nanoparticles. Particles could be made to fulfill certain requirements to travel to certain parts of the body - across the blood-brain barrier, for instance - for better diagnostics and truly targeted therapies. They are also cheap and have a long shelf life.

 THIS IS ONLY FOR INFORMATION, ALWAYS CONSULT YOU PHYSICIAN BEFORE HAVING ANY PARTICULAR FOOD/ MEDICATION/EXERCISE/OTHER REMEDIES.








PS- THOSE INTERESTED IN RECIPES ARE FREE TO VIEW MY BLOG-
HTTP:GSEASYRECIPES.BLOGSPOT.COM/
 

FOR INFO ABOUT KNEE REPLACEMENT, YOU CAN VIEW MY BLOG-

HTTP://KNEE REPLACEMENT-STICK CLUB.BLOGSPOT.COM/

FOR CROCHET DESIGNS

HTTP://MY CROCHET CREATIONS.BLOGSPOT.COM