1,000-year-old medieval remedy could be potential antibiotic, scientists say
Antibiotic
resistance is real. In the years to come, we may no longer be able to
treat and cure many of the infections we once could as bacteria outsmart
our most sophisticated drugs.
With drug resistance expected to result in 10 million deaths a year by 2050, scientists are hunting high and low for alternatives to antibiotics.
A team of UK researchers has found some hope in an unexpected place: a medieval manuscript.
A 1,000-year-old natural remedy made
from onion, garlic, wine and bile salts has shown antibacterial
potential, with promise to treat diabetic foot and leg infections, new
research published Tuesday suggested.
Known
as Bald's eyesalve, the treatment has the potential to tackle biofilm
infections -- communities of bacteria which resist antibiotics -- making
them much harder to treat, the researchers said.
Biofilm
infections are estimated to cost the United Kingdom alone more than 1
billion pounds ($1.3 billion) every year, the study said.
The medieval concoction was first identified as being of potential help in the battle against superbugs in 2015, and the latest study in the journal Scientific Reports has shed more light on how it works and how it might be applied in practice.
"This
is the real detailed hard slog of finding out more information and
seeing if it really could be developed into something clinically
useful," said Freya Harrison, a microbiologist at the School of Life
Sciences at the University of Warwick in the UK and an author of the
study.
The remedy was part of an early medieval medical text called "Bald's Leechbook."
"We
think it has particular promise for treating diabetic foot infections.
They are the ultimate, super-resistant biofilm infection. They are a
huge health and economic burden. They really can become untreatable,"
she said.
"There's a high risk that
these diabetic foot ulcers are completely resistant to any antibiotic
treatment. Then there's a risk of a person developing sepsis ... and
people end up having their foot or lower leg amputated."
Early medical text
The
concoction was among the recipes for medicines, salves and treatments
in "Bald's Leechbook," an Old English leatherbound book held in the
British Library. It's one of the earliest known medical texts.
"When
you read it as a microbiologist, you think that it's got to do
something because every ingredient in it has some antibacterial activity
when you test it in a test tube. It seemed like a sensible one to put
together," Harrison said.
"It's also very clearly targeted to a bacterial infection from the description of the symptoms in the book."
They
made the mixture using garlic and onions purchased from ordinary
supermarkets or greengrocers, while the wine was an English white. The
bile salts come from a cow's stomach.
The research project came about by
chance after Harrison, who has a passion for medieval history and enjoys
historical reenactment, heard about the book. She teamed up with former
colleague Christina Lee, a specialist in Old English at the University
of Nottingham, where Harrison used to work.
"To
be honest, we didn't go into this thinking that five years down the
line this would be something we would have translational funding for. We
thought it would simply be an interesting piece of microbiology."
Combing
historical books for new cures isn't as unusual as you might think.
Artemisinin, the malaria drug derived from the wormwood plant, was
discovered by a Chinese researcher, Tu Youyou, after she scoured ancient Chinese texts.
Curiously,
Harrison said that "Bald's Leechbook" also contained a remedy for
malaria using wormwood, which was endemic in parts of England in the
early medieval period.
"All of
that time essentially the same remedy was sitting in an English medieval
text but no one had taken it seriously," she said.
Modern medicine
Antibiotics
underpin modern medicine, and if they lose their effectiveness medical
procedures like surgery and chemotherapy could become too dangerous.
There
are many different avenues for new antibiotics and alternative
treatments, scientists say. Targets include everyday substances like
honey and vinegar but also more obscure sources like the blood of komodo dragons. Other approaches use viruses to target bacteria that have outsmarted sophisticated antibiotics.
One
of the key findings from the study was that it was the mixture of
natural products, rather than a single compound, that gave Bald's
eyesalve its "potent anti-biofilm activity."
The
team has also been testing the safety of the mixture and preliminary
research expected to publish soon shows "it has a promising safety
profile," Harrison said. The next step then would be to chemically
characterize the mixture and begin patch testing on human skin, but the
latter had been delayed by the coronavirus pandemic.
Harrison said the nature of researching a
combination of ingredients, rather than single plant or compound, could
make the development and regulatory approval process more time
consuming.
"In
the next year we hope to have some idea of the chemistry, a better idea
of the safety, and then it would be a case of saying is it actually
effective but I'm sure you're aware this work does take a long time,"
Harrison said.
"It's important to
recognize that most exciting-looking, potential anti-microbials
ultimately fail to translate into a product. So we have to be very
realistic and do a lot of detailed work to see if it will be useful."