New cancer drug for children safe, effective

A first-of-its-kind drug targeting a fused gene found in many types of cancer has been found to be effective in 93 per cent of paediatric patients tested, scientists say.
Most cancer drugs are targeted to specific organs or locations in the body.
 
Larotrectinib is the first cancer drug to receive government approval,breakthrough therapy designation for patients with a specific fusion of two genes in the cancer cell, no matter what cancer type.
"In some cancers, a part of the TRK gene has become attached to another gene, which is called a fusion," said an assistant professor.

"When this occurs, it leads to the TRK gene being turned on when it's not supposed to be and that causes the cells to grow uncontrollably.
"What is unique about the drug is it is very selective; it only blocks TRK receptors," said the lead author of the research.
Larotrectinib, targets TRK fusions, which can occur in many types of cancer.
While the TRK fusions occur in only a small percentage of common adult cancers, they occur frequently in some rare paediatric cancers, such as infantile fibrosarcoma, cellular congenital mesoblastic nephroma, and papillary thyroid cancer.
"Every patient with a TRK fusion-positive solid tumour treated on this study had their tumour shrink. The nearly universal response rate seen with larotrectinib is unprecedented," the author said.

TRK, short for tropomyosin receptor kinase, is a gene that plays a key role in brain and nervous system development and has a limited role in nervous system functions such as regulating pain in later life.

Larotrectinib belongs to a class of molecules known as kinase inhibitors, which work by cutting back on the enzymatic activity of a key cellular reaction, researchers said.

The selectivity of the drug means it does not cause the severe side effects associated with many traditional cancer treatments, and none of the patients with TRK fusions had to quit the study because of a drug-induced side effect, they said. 

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